• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.183-187
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• 2000

Removal rate of nitrogen compound containing swine wastewater was 97 percent in case of high loading rate treatment of swine wastewater at studies for process development using soil microorganism. Minimum hydraulic retention time(HRT) for nitrification process was 11 days and solid retention time was 25 days. Nitrification was between 5 and 11 days but this time $NO_2-N$ was remained. Reactor condition was injured to nitrosomonas according to pH, $NO_2\;^--N$, and $NH_3\;^--N$ concentration but this condition was recover to pH controlling.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.290-298
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of grape skin on the physicochemical properties and sensory score of ground pork meat. Methods: Four types of ground pork were evaluated: T0 without grape skin, T1 with 0.3% grape skin, T2 with 0.7% grape skin, and T3 with 1.0% grape skin. Results: There was no significant group wise difference in VBN content, L-value, b-value, chemical composition of raw and cooked meat, cooking yield, water holding capacity, moisture retention, fat retention, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, taste, texture, juiciness, or palatability. Total polyphenol content was highest in T3, and DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest in T2 and T3 (p<0.001). The pH was highest in T0, and was lowest in T3 (p<0.001). The a-value of T2 and T3 were significantly higher than that of T0 (p<0.05). Flavor was highest in T2 among samples (p<0.01). Conclusion: The study results suggest that grape skin may be a useful ingredient in ground pork meat in terms of antioxidant potential, color and flavor.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2000

Objective of research is obtain fundamental data of carbonized wood wastes for soil condition, de-ordorization, absorption of water, carrier for microbial activity, and purifying agent for water quality of river. The carbonization technique and the properties of carbonized wood wastes(wood-based materials) were analyzed. Proximate analysis showed the wood-based materials contains 0.37~2.27% ash, 70~74% volatile matter, and 17~20% fixed carbon. As carbonization temperature was increased, the charcoal yield was decreased. However, no difference in charcoal yield was found due to time increase. The specific gravity after the carbonization decreased about 30~40% comparing to green wood. The charcoal had 1.08~4.18% ash, 5.88~13.79% volatile matter, and 80.15~90.94% fixed carbon. The pH of plywood and particleboard(pH 9 at $400^{\circ}C$, pH 10 at $600^{\circ}C$ and $800^{\circ}C$) made charcoals was higher than that of fiberboard. The water-retention capacity was not affected by the carbonization temperature and time. The water-retention capacity within 24h was about 2~2.5 times of sample weight, and the Equilibrium moisture content(EMC) became 2~10% after 24h. EMC of charcoal from the thinned trees were 9.40~11.82%($20^{\circ}C$, RH 90%), 6.87~7.61%($20^{\circ}C$, RH 65%), and 1.69~2.81%($20^{\circ}C$, RH 25%). EMC of charcoal from the wood-based materials under $20^{\circ}C$, relative humidity(RH) 90% was similar to EMC of charcoal from the thinned trees(9~11 %). However, under $20^{\circ}C$, RH 25.65%, EMC of charcoal from the wood-based materials were higher(2~3%) than EMC of charcoal from the thinned trees. Every charcoal from the wood-based materials fulfilled the criteria in JWWA K 113-1947.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.263-266
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• 2013

It was investigated the electrochemical characteristics of the Ni-MH battery by hydrophilic process. For adopting the Ni-MH battery in water-electrolyte, polyolefin separator was processed the hydrophilic treatment. No treatment sample did not meet KS standard (KSC 8544) but hydrophilic treatment ones satisfied with the KS standard in electrochemical characteristics, such as discharge performance, retention capacity, and cycle performance. All hydrophilic treatment samples showed similar battery performances. Among them, sulfonation treatment sample exhibited the highest value in aspect of capacity retention rate (> 88%). Furthermore, fluoride treatment sample showed the best cycle performance during battery test. This sample maintained a good cycling performance until $1,480^{th}$ cycle, which was about 3 times as compared with that of KS standard (500 cycle).

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.119-135
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• 2013

This study investigates waxy barley powder substituted for wheat flour in bread recipes with the amounts of 0%(control), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Waxy barley powder consisted of 8.33% of moisture content, 10.47% of crude protein, 1.63% of crude fat, and 2.97% of crude ash. Sedimentation value and pelshenke value have decreased as the waxy barley powder content increased. The farinograph measurement result of the bread made with waxy barley powder showed that consistency, water absorption, development time, stability and time breakdown have increased as the waxy barley powder content increased. The amylograph measurement result of the bread made with waxy barley powder showed that T have increased as the waxy barley powder content increased. Their P, H and P-H have decreased as the ingredient contents increased. Baking loss and specific loaf volume have decreased as the waxy barley powder content increased. The chromaticity measurement result of the bread made with waxy barley powder showed no significant difference as the waxy barley powder content increased. The texture measurement result showed that the hardness and gumminess of bread have increased as the waxy barley powder content increased. Their cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness have decreased as the ingredient contents increased. Overall preference scores showed a high acceptability for the bread made with 10% waxy barley powder.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.29-50
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• 2003

Physicochemical Properties of acid mine water of the Chonam-ri Creek and the Sagok-ri Creek in the Kwangyang Au-Ag mine area were determined using geochemical approaches. Metal contamination (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) is more serious in the Chonam-ri Creek than in the Sagok-ri Creek. However, the contents of Al and Fe is higher in the Sagok-ri Creek. Such differences between the two creeks probably reflect the abundance and composition of ore minerals. The attenuation processes for acid mine water in both creeks were investigated. In the Chonam-ri Creek, a small retention pond which contains limestone plays an important role in the removal of heavy metals by adsorption or coprecipitation due to increase of pH. The capacity of metal scavenging in this pond depends on the seasonal variation of inflow volume. Reddish yellow precipitates sampled in the Chonam-ri Creek were analyzed by XRD, SEM-EDS, EPMA, and chemical decomposition. The precipitates mainly consist of goethite and are also enriched in Al, Mn, Cu and Zn. This inditates that precipitation of goethite is important for scavenging those trace elements, possibly due to adsorption or coprecipitation. In the Sagok-ri Creek, on the other hand, hydrologic mixing of uncontaminated tributaries results in removal of heavy metals with iron hydroxides precipitation due to the pH increase. The mechanisms proposed for metal attenuation at the confluence between contaminated mine water and uncontaminated tributary water are also explained by the property-property plots.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 1999

The effects of Hyangbujapalmultang on the enhancement of learning and memory of AD model rats were studied with Morris water maze. Sample group was electrolytically lesioned on nucleus basalis of Meynert(nbM), and then daily treated with the medicine for two months. Control group with nbM lesion, and sham group with the sham operation were treated the vehicle for the same duration. The following results were observed. 1. As the learning trials of Morris water maze were proceeded, sham group showed the escape latency from $54.7{\pm}2.28$ seconds in 1st trial to $13.3{\pm}3.27$ seconds in 7th. The control group showed the escape latency from $58.0{\pm}1.78$ seconds in 1st trial to $51.3{\pm}3.52$ seconds in 7th. The sample group showed the escape latency from $57.0{\pm}2.21$ seconds in 1st trial to $28.4{\pm}4.82$ seconds in 7th. Therefore, these data shows that all three groups were improved in learning capacity as trials were proceeded, but the sample group showed more prominent improvement in learning compared with the control group(p<0.05). 2. In memory retention test of Morris water maze that counts the staying time in the target area during 30 seconds of freely swimming period, sham group stayed for $4.81{\pm}1.15$ seconds, the control group stayed for $1.27\pm}0.78$ seconds, and the sample group stayed for $4.17{\pm}1.47$ seconds. The analysis of the memory retention data shows that the sample group marked more improvement in memory retention compared with the control group, but could not obtained statistically significant result(p<0.05). With the experimental results above, Hyangbujapalmultang can be supposed to have the improving effects on the learning of AD model rats induced by electrolytic lesion of nbM.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.12 s.161
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• pp.1029-1037
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• 2005

Urban Storm Sewer Optimal Design Model(USSOD) was developed to compute pipe capacity, pipe slope, crown elevation, excavation depth, risk and return cost in the condition of design discharge. Rational formula is adopted for design discharge and Manning's formula is used for pipe capacity. Discrete differential dynamic programming(DDDP) technique which is a kind of dynamic programming (DP) is used for optimization and first order second moment approximation method and uncertainty analysis is also for developing model. USSOD is applied to hypothetical drainage basin to test and verify. After testing the model, it is also applied to Ulsan drainage basin which was developed by Korea Land Cooperation(KOLAND). Comparing the design results of USSOD with those of KOLAND, discharge capacity 0.35 $m^3/sec$, the crown elevation is 0.77m higher and return cost is $9\%$ less than design results of KOLAND, which verify the improvement of USSOD. Layout design model using GIS and optimization including detention or retention effect are needed in the future study.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 2017

Cotton is the major fiber crop in Pakistan that accounts for 2% of total national gross domestic product (GDP). After picking of cotton, the dry stalks are major organic waste that has no fate except burning to cook food in villages. Present research focuses use of cotton stalks as feedstock for biochar production, its characterization and effects on soil characteristics. Dry cotton stalks collected from agricultural field of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan were combusted under anaerobic conditions at $450^{\circ}C$. The physicochemical analysis of biochar and cotton stalks show higher values of % total carbon, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in biochar as compared to cotton stalks. The concentration of nitrogen was decreased in biochar. Similarly biochar had greater values of fixed carbon that suggest its role for carbon sequestration and as a soil amendment. The fourier transformation infrared spectroscopic spectra (FTIR) of cotton stalks and biochar exposed more acidic groups in biochar as compared to cotton stalks. The newly developed functional groups in biochar have vital role in increasing surface properties, cation exchange capacity, and water holding capacity, and are responsible for heavy metal remediation in contaminated soil. In a further test, results show increase in the water holding capacity and nutrient retention by a sandy soil amended with biochar. It is concluded that cotton stalks can be effectively used to prepare biochar.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.182-189
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• 2005

This research was conducted to determine physical properties of four root media, peatmoss + vermiculite (1:1, v/v; PV), peatmoss + composted rice hall (1:1, PR), peatmoss + composted saw-dust (1:1 : PS) and peatmoss + composted pine bark (1:1 PB), as influenced by incorporation rate of Stock-sorb C (STSB). Each root medium containing STSB was packed in 22 cm diameter plastic pot and the physical properties were determined at 5 weeks after packing. As incorporation rate of STSB were elevated, total porosity increased in PV, PS and PB media with statistical differences at $5{\%}$ level. Those also resulted in increase of container capacity in PS and PB media, but statistical differences were not observed in PV and PR media. Elevated incorporation rate of STSB in PV, PS and PB media resulted in increase of air space with statistical differences. Trends in air space of the three root media showed a linear as well as quadratic responses to STSB contents of media. As incorporation rate of STSB increased, more water was retained in four root media at the soil moisture tension of 4.90 kPa, 9.81 kPa, 29.4 kPa and 1.5 MPa. The amount of water retained in PS medium was the highest at the moisture tension at 29.4 kPa and 1.5 MPa followed by PB, PR and PV medium. These results indicated that elevation of incorporation rate of STSB to various root media increased moisture retention capacity, but did not increase the available water holding capacity.