• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.398-403
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• 2020

In this study, six kinds of rice grown in Cheongwon area were extracted using glycolytic and proteolytic enzymes, and also antioxidant effects and water holding capacity of rice protein extracts were compared and analyzed. Protein contents of rice cultivars protein extract showed that black rice (BR) extract was the highest at 4,900 ㎍/mL, and flavored brown rice (FBR) extract was the lowest at 3,700 ㎍/mL. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radical scavenging activity was confirmed the superior activity of more than 80.0% at a concentration of 2 mg/mL with BR and red brown rice (RBR) extracts. 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 2 mg/mL with BR and RBR extracts was more than 70.0% The water holding capacity for extracts using RBR, red-kerneled brown rice (RKBR), BR and FBR was more than 110.0%. Overall, the rice protein extract using BR has excellent antioxidant and water holding capacity which can be used as a potential skin moisturizer and antioxidant functional cosmetic material.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1469-1476
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• 2012

Hydrophilic polymer is suitable as soil conditioners for green roofs that use rainwater, due to promotion of water retention capacity as well as enhancement of the water absorbing capacity. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of different levels of hydrophilic polymer concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8% w/w) on the water holding capacity and growth response of 6 species in soils amended with hydrophilic polymer in 5 cm of soil thickness on green roofs. The results showed that the water holding capacity of the amended soil improved with increasing amount of applied polymer. The application of 0.8% w/w of the polymer increased the soil moisture by 87% compared to the control, and decreased slowly in green roofs during an arid period. The growth of Sedum spurium 'Dragon's blood' and Lampranthus spectabilis increased significantly and had greater than 60% relative coverage with higher hydrophilic polymer concentrations. However, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii and Euonymus fortunei var. radicans had no significant differences upon change of hydrophilic polymer concentrations. In Carex kujuzana and Carex morrowii 'Aurea variegata', growth decreased with increase of hydrophilic polymer concentrations. 30 days after planting, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Euonymus fortunei var. radicans, Carex kujuzana, and Carex morrowii 'Aurea variegata' died back due to lowest soil thickness (5 cm), but Sedum spurium 'Dragon's blood' and Lampranthus spectabilis had greater than 90% survival.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.377-387
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of seawater to that of conventional salt (NaCl) on the technological properties of chicken emulsion sausages in a model system. Chicken sausages were prepared with seawater at three levels (10%, 15%, and 20%) in iced water (10%, 5%, and 0%, respectively) or with iced water (20%) and salt (1.2%). There was no difference in pH values and fat loss from emulsion stability between the two treatments. In general, with an increase in the amount of seawater, the water holding capacity (cooking yield and water loss), protein solubility (total and myofibrillar protein), and viscosity were increased. The addition of 20% seawater induced greater (p<0.05) water holding capacity, protein solubility, and viscosity compared to the control sample treated with salt, which was accompanied by an increase in the level of myosin heavy chain protein of samples with 10% and 20% seawater. Furthermore, addition of at least 15% seawater increased all of the main textural properties except for cohesiveness along with the moisture of sausage, whereas the fat and protein contents were decreased. Based on these results, the addition of ≥15% seawater to chicken breast sausage can induce equivalent or enhanced technological properties to those induced with salt, including water holding capacity, protein solubility, viscosity, and textural properties.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.197-207
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• 2022

The seismic holding behaviors of plate anchor embedded into submerged coarse-grained soils were investigated considering different anchor inclinations. The limit equilibrium method and the Pseudo-Dynamic Approach (PDA) were employed to calculate the inertia force of the soils within the failure rupture. In addition, assuming the permeability of coarse-grained soils was sufficiently large, the coefficient of hydrodynamic force applied on the inclined plate anchor is obtained through adopting the exact potential flow theory. Therefore, the seismic holding resistance was calculated as the combination of the inertia force and the hydrodynamic force within the failure rupture. The failure rupture can be developed due to the uplift loads, which was assumed to be an arc of a circle perpendicular to the anchor and inclines at (π/4 - φ/2). Then, the derived analytical solutions were evaluated by comparing the static breakout factor N_γ to the published experimental and analytical results. The influences of soil and wave properties on the plate anchor holding behavior are reported. Finally, the dynamic anchor holding coefficients N_γd, were reported to illustrate the anchor holding behaviors. Results show that the soil accelerations in x and z directions were both nonlinear. The amplifications of soil accelerations were more severe at lower normalized frequencies (ωH/V) compared to higher normalized frequencies. The coefficient of hydrodynamic force, C, of the plate anchor was found to be almost constant with anchor inclinations. Finally, the seismic anchor holding coefficient oscillated with the oscillation of the inertia force on the plate anchor.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1993

This study was carried out to find the relationships between species pairs in the vegetation of eastern valley vegetation in Mt. Kumjung from September 20, 1991 to October 15, 1992. Eight sites were selected, each being divided into 5 quadrats, and thus 40 quad- rats were in total. To know the correlation among plant species the $x^2$ values were calculated by using the method of Yates, and the results were analyzed by cluster analysis according to Sneath and Sokal, and the following conclusions were obtained. The species examined can be subdivided into five groups according to the relationships. However, the relationships are not correlated with pH, water-content, maximum water holding capacity and mineral content of soil probably due to the environmental discontinuity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 1991

The contents of dietary fiber and its physical properties of vegetables were determined. The samples selected in this study were soybean sprouts (Glycine max MERILL sprouts) butterber (Petasites japonicus MIQ), taro stem(Colcasia antiquorum SCHOTT stem), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum KUHN)and dried Korean cabbage leaves(Brassica compestris L.leaves). The contents of dietary fiber were 20.96~50.62% of neutral detergent figer, 10.60-38.19% of acid detergent fiber, 1.74-10.88% of lignin, 5.79~33.29% of hemicellulose and 5.79-33.29% of cellulose. Butterber had the highest dietary fiber content. Mean waterholding capacity of samples was 5.65-12.26g.water/g.acetone dried powder and butterber and dried Korean cabbage leaves had higher water holding capacity value than the others. Densities were 140-250mg/ml of direct density and 385-417 mg/ml of bulk density.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.522-527
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• 2015

Decision of available soil depth based on soil physical and hydraulic properties for the $3^{rd}$ Landscape Vegetation Project in the Incheon International Airport was attempted. The soil samples were collected from the 8 sites at different depths, 0-20 and 20-60cm, for the three project fields, A, B, and C area. Physical and chemical properties including particle size distribution, organic matter content and electrical conductivity were analyzed. Hydrological properties including bulk density and water holding capacity at different water potential, -6 kPa, -10 kPa, -33 kPa, and -1500 kPa were calculated by SPAW model of Saxton and Rawls (2006), and air entry value was calculated by Campbell model (1985). Based on physical and hydrological limitation, feasibility and design criteria of soil depth for vegetation and landfill were recommended. Since the soil salinity of the soil in area A area was $19.18dS\;m^{-1}$ in top soil and $22.27dS\;m^{-1}$ in deep soil, respectively, landscape vegetation without amendment would not be possible on this area. Available soil depth required for vegetation was 2.51 m that would secure root zone water holding capacity, capillary fringe, and porosity. Available soil depth required for landscape vegetation of the B area soil was 1.51 m including capillary fringe 0.14 m and available depth for 10% porosity 1.35 m. The soils in this area were feasible for landscape vegetation. The soil in area C was feasible for bottom fill purpose only due to low water holding capacity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2016

This study purposed to examine the water retention capacity of floor litter in deciduous forests. Water holding capacity(WHC) and interception storage capacity of Alnus hirsuta Turcz. ex Rupr., Quercus acutissima, Quercus mongolica litters were experimentally estimated. Physical characteristics of litters were also obtained to understand the relationships between water-retention capacity and litter characteristics. Experiments showed that WHC increases with specific volume of litter, varying 244.4% to 416.8% of its dry mass. Interception storage have estimated with rainfall simulation experiments. Maximum interception storage ($C_{max}$) and minimum interception storage ($C_{min}$) of litters were 220% and 138% of dry mass in Alnus hirsuta Turcz. ex Rupr., 218% and 137% in Quercus acutissima, and 240% and 156% in Quercus mongolica. Both $C_{max}$ and $C_{min}$ increased linearly with litter mass, and the values of $C_{min}$ in broadleaf litters have also linear relation to leaf area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.208-212
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• 1975

The study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for keeping quality of shucked sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, during marketing under commercial handling. As quality factors, water holding capacity, pH, VBN and TMA content were measured. Water holding capacity was obviously affected by salt content of the sea mussel meat. Water was released at the salinity above $2.8\%$ and absorbed below the value. In case of distilled water added instead salt solution, $23.3\%$ weight was gained. Absorbing or releasing water of sea mussel meat was also influenced by temperature showing either water gain or loss was greater at, $3^{\circ}C\;than\;25^{\circ}C$. Osmotic quilibrium by salt between meat and liquor was held within 4 hours. The pH value of fresh sea mussle marked 6.0 which is somewhat lower when compared with that of other shellfishes, and it gradually decreased to 5.0 during storage. VBN contents of fresh muscle and shell liquor were $2.1mg\%$ and $1mg\%$ respectively. The sour odour began to be detectable with $5.0mg\%$ of VBN content. TMA in the sea mussel was not detected.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.180-184
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• 2013

Purpose: This study explored the factors influencing heating value in the process of torrefaction of water hyacinth. Methods: Torrefaction was applied with three temperature settings (200, 300, $400^{\circ}C$) and three time settings (1, 2, 3 h) using small electric heaters (11.3L of holding volume). This study investigated the heating values with the washing process and process factors influenced the torrefaction. In addition, this study compared the heating values in washed and unwashed samples and suggested the optimal conditions for increasing heating value. Results: Torrefaction increased the heating value by 8.18 ~ 30.04%. Comparing heating values of each condition, the optimal temperature for torrefaction was $300^{\circ}C$ and holding time was 1 hour. The washing process increased the heating value by 19 ~ 27%. The heating value of the sample treated at $300^{\circ}C$ for three hours was 4310.80 kcal/kg, which was greater than the first class wood pellet of 4300 kcal/kg. Conclusions: This study proved that the torrefaction and washing process increased the heating value of water hyacinth. Therefore, water hyacinth is expected to be an eco-friendly biomass which substitutes for wood pellet.