• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.584-590
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• 2014

Air-cooled slag showed grindability approximately twice as good as that of water-cooled slag. While the studied water-cooled slag was composed of glass as constituent mineral, the air-cooled slag was mainly composed of melilite. It is assumed that the sulfur in air-cooled slag is mainly in the form of CaS, which is oxidized into $CaS_2O_3$ when in contact with air. $CaS_2O_3$, then, is released mainly as $S_2O{_3}^{2-}$ion when in contact with water. However, the sulfur in water-cooled slag functioned as a constituent of the glass structure, so the$S_2O{_3}^{2-}$ ion was not released even when in contact with water. When no chemical admixture was added, the blended cement of air-cooled slag showed higher fluidity and retention effect than those of the blended cement of the water-cooled slag. It seems that these discrepancies are caused by the initial hydration inhibition effect of cement by the $S_2O{_3}^{2-}$ ion of air-cooled slag. When a superplasticizer is added, the air-cooled slag used more superplasticizer than did the blast furnace slag for the same flow because the air-cooled slag had higher specific surface area due to the presence of micro-pores. Meanwhile, the blended cement of the air-cooled slag showed a greater fluidity retention effect than that of the blended cement of the water-cooled slag. This may be a combined effect of the increased use of superplasticizer and the presence of released $S_2O{_3}^{2-}$ ion; however, further, more detailed studies will need to be conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.817-823
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• 2012

Insulation breakdown of water-cooled generator stator windings occurs frequently due to leakage of cooling water and absorption into the insulation material. Leakage and absorption problems of water-cooled stator windings are often found during regular preventive maintenance. To evaluate cooling water leakage and absorption, diagnostic tests were performed on two water-cooled turbine generators, which have been in service for 13 and 17 years, respectively. The test results of the measured electrical properties such as dissipation factor($tan{\delta}$), capacitance and AC leakage current for water-cooled generator stator windings with wet bars are reported in this paper.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.207-213
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• 2022

In this study, variations in the microstructure and hardness of a low-carbon SCM415 steel with austenitizing temperature and cooling rate are investigated. When the austenitizing temperature is lower than the A₁ temperature (738.8 ℃) of the SCM415 steel, the microstructures of both the air-cooled and water-cooled specimens consist of ferrite and pearlite, which are similar to the microstructure of the initial specimen. When heat treatment is conducted at temperatures ranging from the A₁ temperature to the A₃ temperature (822.4 ℃), the microstructure of the specimen changes depending on the temperature and cooling rate. The specimens air- and water-cooled from 750 ℃ consist of ferrite and pearlite, whereas the specimen water-cooled from 800 ℃ consists of ferrite and martensite. At a temperature higher than the A₃ temperature, the air-cooled specimens consist of ferrite and pearlite, whereas the water-cooled specimens consist of martensite. At 650 ℃ and 700 ℃, which are lower than the A₁ temperature, the hardness decreases irrespective of the cooling rate due to the ferrite coarsening and pearlite spheroidization. At 750 ℃ or higher, the air-cooled specimens have smaller grain sizes than the initial specimen, but they have lower hardness than the initial specimen owing to the increased interlamellar spacing of pearlite. At 800 ℃ or higher, martensitic transformation occurs during water cooling, which results in a significant increase in hardness. The specimens water-cooled from 850 ℃ and 950 ℃ have a complete martensite structure, and the specimen water-cooled from 850 ℃ has a higher hardness than that water-cooled from 950 ℃ because of the smaller size of prior austenite grains.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1990.04a
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• pp.24-28
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to examine through the experimental study whether the water cooled unprocessed blast furnace slag produced in the country is useful for the fine aggregate of concrete or not. The results of this study show that the quality of the water cooled blast furnace slag is inferior to that of natural river sand and that the concrete made by substituting the water cooled blast furnace slag for fine aggregate have a tendency to decrease to some extent in strength. But if the water cooled blast furnace slag is transformed into more hardened state material, to use it as the fine aggregate of concrete will be possible.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.870-876
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• 2005

This study of the performance characteristics of natural refrigerants such as R-290 (propane), R-6OOa (iso-butane) and R-1270 (propylene) has investigated to compare with conventional HCFC's refrigerant R-22 for water-cooled heat pump system. The experimental apparatus has basic parts of cycle that uses the water as a heat source. The Performance of the water-cooled system using hydrocarbon refrigerants had been getting better than R-22 from start-up to the similar evaporating temperature after stabilizing system. Through the above it is possible that hydrocarbon refrigerants could be drop-in alternatives for R-22.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 2004

This paper describes the potential advantages in applying evaporative cooling to air-cooled condensers. The cooling characteristics of an air-cooled condenser with its surface fully covered with thin water film are investigated and compared with that of an air-cooled condenser with usual dry surface. By applying the evaporative cooling, the cooling performance of the condenser is shown to improve enormously. When the outdoor air is 35$^{\circ}C$ and 40% in relative humidity, the condensing temperature of the refrigerant is decreased by 2$0^{\circ}C$. Even when the incoming air is fully saturated with water vapor, the evaporation from the wet surface occurs to cause a decrease in the condensing temperature by 1$0^{\circ}C$. The main reason for this improvement is assessed as the addition of an efficient cooling mechanism which is the water evaporation resulting in latent heat absorption.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1993.07b
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• pp.1174-1176
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• 1993

Morphology of low density polyethylene(LDPE) such as the degree of crystallinity changes with thermal history etc. In order to clarify the effects of morphological changes on electrical breakdown, we studied direct current and impulse breakdown phenomena of LDPE films heat-treated at 100[$^{\circ}C$] for 1[H] in silicone oil and subsequently cooling to various ways. The degree of crystallinity was estimated by the infra red absorption and X-ray diffraction measurements for the specimens of slowly cooled, cooled in water, original, and cooled in liquid nitrogen gas. As the result, we obtained that the first, second, third, and fourth was slowly cooled of 70.23[%], cooled in water of 61.6[%], original specimen of 56.75[%], and cooled in liquid nitrogen gas of 34.7[%] respectively. The crystalline size and distribution of specimens were researched by Differential scanning calolimeter measurements.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.825-832
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• 2001

This study was experimentally performed to investigate freezing behavior of sea water along horizontal cooled a circular tube with bubbly flow. The experiments were carried out for a variety of parameter, such as sea water velocity, air-bubble flow rate, and cooled-tube temperature. The shape of freezing layer, freezing rate and salinity of frozen layer were observed and measured. And the flow patterns around cooled tube were visualized using the PIV to analyze the relationship between the flow structure and the freezing characteristics. It was found that the experimental parameters gave a great influence on the freezing rate and the salinity of the frozen layer.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.680-686
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• 1998

In the adoption of a desalination system the most important factor is the cost of fresh water pro-duction. In general LNG is stored in a tank as a liquid state below $-162^{\circ}C$ When it is serviced however the LNG absorbs energy from a heat source and it is transformed to a high pressure gaseous state. During this process a huge amount of cold energy accumulated in cooling LNG is wasted. This wasted cold energycan be utilized to produce fresh water by using a sea water freez-ing desalination system. in order to develop a sea water freezing desalination system and to estab-lish its design technique qualitative and quantitative data regarding the freezing behavior of sea water is required in advance. The goals of this study are to reveal the freezing mechanisms of sea water in a cooled circular tube to measure the freezing rate and to investigate the freezing heat-transfer characteristics. The experimental results provide a general understanding of sea water freezing behavior in a cooled circular tube.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.27-34
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• 2018

This study compared constant water bath performances of conventional water-cooled refrigerator and electric heater with an air-cooled VRF chiller and electric heater equipped with optimal control algorithm. In heating mode, the air cooled VRF chiller and electric heater combination reduced the set temperature arrival time by an average of 42 minutes, and energy was also reduced by 18%. In cooling mode, the two systems took 70 minutes to reach the set temperature and showed no difference. Energy was reduced by 33.5% with the new system. For constant temperature maintaining experiment, after reaching the set temperature of $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $22^{\circ}C$, temperature deviations were all in the range of $-0.2^{\circ}C$ to $+0.1^{\circ}C$. Energy was reduced by an average of 84.9%. Through this study, possibility of precise temperature control by an air cooled VRF chiller system was confirmed.