• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.2087-2095
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• 1999

One of the main causes of unwanted dimensional changes in precision metal mold casting parts is excessive and irregular residual stresses induced by temperature gradients and plastic deformation in the solidifying shell. Residual stresses can also cause stress cracking, and lower the fatigue life and fracture strength of the casting parts. In the present study, aluminum alloy casting system with metal mold equipped with electrical heating elements and water cooling units was designed and the casting specimens were produced to quantify the effects of different cooling conditions on the development of residual stresses. The layer removal method was used to measure the biaxial residual stresses in casting specimens produced from the experiments. The experimental results agreed with Tien-Richmond's theoretical model for thermal stress development for the solidifying metal plate.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.815-824
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• 2015

In this study, we conducted the approximate multi-objective optimization of gap sizes of pressurized-water reactor (PWR) annular fuels. To determine the contacting tendency of the inner-outer gaps between the annular fuel pellets and cladding, thermoelastic-plastic-creep (TEPC)analysis of PWR annular fuels was performed, using in-house FE code. For the efficient heat transfer at certain levels of stress, we investigated the tensile, compressive hoop stress and temperature, and optimized the gap sizes using the non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). For this, response surface models of objective and constraint functions were generated, using central composite (CCD) and D-optimal design. The accuracy of approximate models was evaluated through $R^2$ value. The obtained optimal solutions by NSGA-II were verified through the TEPC analysis, and we compared the obtained optimum solutions and generated errors from the CCD and D-optimal design. We observed that optimum solutions differ, according to design of experiments (DOE) method.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

Whilst it is clear that increasing temperatures from global environmental change will impact the positions of alpine treelines, it is likely that a range of regional and local scaled factors will mediate the overall impact of global scale climate drivers. We summarized 12 categories of abiotic and biotic factors as 4 groups determining treeline positions. First, there are global factors related to climate-induced growth limitation and carbon limitation. Second, there are seven regional and local factors related to treeline dynamics including frost stress, topography, water stress, snow, wind, fire and non-fire disturbance. Third, species-specific factors can control treeline dynamics through their influence on reproduction and life history traits. Fourth, there are positive feedbacks in structuring the dynamics of treelines. Globally, the commonly accepted growth limitation hypothesis is that growth at a treeline is limited by temperature. Meanwhile, positive feedbacks between canopy cover and tree establishment are likely to control the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of many treelines. The presence of non-linear dynamics at treelines has implications for the use of treelines as barometers of climate change because the lagged responses and abrupt shifts inherent in non-equilibrium systems may combine to mask the overall climate trend.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.637-649
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• 2020

An ideal 3D primitive equation model is implemented to investigate upper ocean response to typhoons, focusing on rightward bias (RWB) which means an appearance of an intensified sea surface cooling to the right side of the typhoon track. The model has 26-stratified levels and a flat bottom (1000 m), covering a rectangular domain of about 3,060 km×3,300 km with four open boundaries. The sea water is forced by an atmospheric pressure and a gradient wind of the typhoon. The model well reproduces the RWB in previous observations and theoretical analyses. For the fast moving typhoon (FMT) (-8m/sec), the model shows that in the mixed layer (ML), the RWB in the SST noticeably appears clearly illustrating the coupling between inertial motion and wind stress, but in the subsurface layer (-100m), the RWB does not emerge since a cyclonic current field (CCF) caused by wind stress curl is primarily dominant. For the slowly moving typhoon (SMT) (-3m/sec), however, the RWB does not emerge because the coupling is weakened and the CCF is rather predominant even in the ML. In the model, we conclude that the RWB noticeably emerges in the FMT but does not emerge in the SMT related to predominance of CCF.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

Climate change has directly impacted environmentally dependent first industry. The changes of amount and frequency of precipitation have caused unstable drinking water supply for grassland and feed crop, and have changed the variety of grassland and feed crop. Rising temperature has caused heat stress on livestock, which has impacted feed intake and livestock products, and also has threatened to the health of livestock by widening the range of sources of diseases. In order for livestock industry to confront climate change, new technology development for climate change adaptation and measures of greenhouse gas mitigation are essential. Agroforestry is the one of alternative measures to mitigate greenhouse gases and to adapt to climate change. Agroforestry is the way rearing livestock and cultivating plants in forest, which is suitable to Korea where mountain area is over 68%. Feedstock such as maize, soybean, rice, and grass grown by agroforestry would decrease feed cost. Agroforestry will decrease heat stress of livestock during hot weather and will be possible to pasture, which increases livestock welfare.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.419-427
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• 2016

There is a high association of heat shock on the alteration of energy and lipid metabolism. The alterations associated with thermal stress are composed of gene expression changes and adaptation through biochemical responses. Previous study showed that Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) root extract promoted adipogenic differentiation in murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes under the normal temperature condition. However, its effect in heat shocked 3T3-L1 cells has not been established. In this study, we investigated the effect of AGN root hot water extract in the adipogenic differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes following heat shock and its possible mechanism of action. Thermal stress procedure was executed within the same stage of preadipocyte confluence (G0) through incubation at $42^{\circ}C$ for one hour and then allowed to recover at normal incubation temperature of $37^{\circ}C$ for another hour before AGN treatment for both cell viability assay and Oil Red O. Cell viability assay showed that AGN was able to dose dependently (0 to $400{\mu}g/mL$) increase cell proliferation under normal incubation temperature and also was able to prevent cytotoxicity due to heat shock accompanied by cell proliferation. Confluent preadipocytes were subjected into heat shock procedure, recovery and then AGN treatment prior to stimulation with the differentiation solution. Heat shocked preadipocytes exhibited reduced differentiation as supported by decreased amount of lipid accumulation in Oil Red O staining and triglyceride measurement. However, those heat shocked preadipocytes that then were given AGN extract showed a dose dependent increase in lipid accumulation as shown by both evaluation procedures. In line with these results, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis showed that AGN increased adipogenic differentiation by upregulating heat shock protection related genes and proteins together with the adipogenic markers. These findings imply the potential of AGN in heat shock amelioration among 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through heat shock factor and proteins augmentation and enhanced adipogenic marker expression.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2006

화재 피해 콘크리트 건축물의 기존 손상도 평가 방법은 명확한 손상 깊이를 정량적으로 추정하기가 어렵고, 특히 코아 압축강도 테스트는 콘크리트 깊이별로 수열온도 따라 손상도의 변화를 반영하지 못하고 손상 공시체의 압축강도를 구조체 압축강도 저하의 대표 값으로 사용하게 되어 손상 깊이의 판단이 어려운 불합리한 점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 화재 피해를 입은 철근콘크리트 슬래브나 벽체 부재의 손상 깊이를 정량적으로 평가하기 위해서, 공시체를 대상으로 전기로에서 일면 가열한 후, 2cm 두께로 절편화시켜 색조분석, 흡수율 및 할렬인장강도실험에 의한 압축강도를 분석함으로써 공시체 깊이별 손상 깊이를 정량적으로 평가하는 실험기법을 제안하고 고온에 노출된 콘크리트의 특성변화를 고찰함으로써 그 적용성을 검증하였다. 실험결과, 본 연구에서 제안한 손상도 평가기법은 가열조건 및 강도별로 공시체 깊이에 따른 잔존강도의 정량적 평가가 가능하였으며, 이 결과를 이용하여 화재를 경험한 슬래브나 벽체의 보수보강 범위를 선정하는 판단 기준으로 활용할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2015

생후 초기에 고온을 경험하게 되면 이후 고온환경에 대하여 저항성을 획득하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 5일령의 병아리에게 단시간 고온을 경험하게 한 다음, 29일령에 1차 고온환경을 경험한 육계에서 반복된 고온환경이 생산성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 아버에이커 초생추를 크기가 동일한 두 개의 사육실에 수용하였으며, 사료와 물은 자유채식토록 하였다. 조명 환경 조건은 점등 23시간, 소등 1시간이었다. 사전 고온 적응구는 5일령에 $37^{\circ}C$의 고온에 24시간 동안 노출시킨 후 정상 온도로 돌려졌고, 대조구의 감온 일정은 정상적으로 진행되었다. 21일령에 육계를 기존에 수용된 사육실에서 반을 다른 사육실로 옮겨, 한 사육실 내 대조군와 열 적응구가 각각 4개의 Pen에 배치되게 하였다. 1) 사전고온 적응 및 고온환경 양자 모두를 경험하지 않은 육계집단(CON+CON), 2) 사전고온 적응을 경험했지만 고온환경을 경험하지 않은 육계집단(HC+CON), 3) 사전고온 적응 없이 고온환경만 경험한 육계집단(CON+HS), 4) 사전고온 적응 및 고온환경 모두를 경험한 육계집단(HC+HS) 을 가지는 이원배치법(HC vs. HS) 으로 실험을 수행하였다. 29일령부터 3일 동안 고온환경에 노출된 육계들은 43일령부터 재차 고온환경을 경험하였다. 고온환경 처리구에서 사육실 온도를 $32^{\circ}C$($2^{\circ}C$/1 h)까지 올려 3일 동안 유지하였으며, 대조구는 $22^{\circ}C$로 유지되었다. 고온환경은 사료 섭취량, 음수량 및 체중을 현저하게 감소시켰으며, 직장 온도와 폐사율 및 corticosterone의 농도를 증가시켰고, 혈액 생화학 성분을 변화시켰다. 그러나 사전열적응한 육계에서는 비장의 상대무게가 유의적으로 높았다. 따라서 연구결과를 종합적으로 고려해볼 때, 사전고온 적응은 반복적으로 고온환경을 경험하는 육계에게 고온에 대한 저항성을 부여하지 않았다는 것을 의미한다.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2013

최근 가압경수로형 원전의 가압기 노즐과 안전단 사이의 이종용접부에서 일차수응력부식균열에 대한 건전성 확보가 중요한 관심사항으로 대두되고 있다. 가압기 노즐은 SA508 Gr.3 저합금강이며 안전단은 F316L 스테인리스강으로, 이들 두 재료 사이에 용접재로는 Alloy 82/182가 사용되었다. 재료 결함에 대한 건전성 평가를 위해서는 재료의 기계적 물성치, 특히 인장물성과 파괴물성이 확보되어야 한다. 그러나, 일반적인 재료 규격과 시험성적서에서는 상온의 인장물성이 제공되지만 고온의 인장물성과 파괴인성이 제공되지 않는다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 상온과 원전 운전온도에서 SA508 Gr.3과 F316L 스테인리스강에 대한 인장시험과 J-R 파괴인성시험을 수행하고 그 결과를 수록하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.655-658
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• 2004

Heat stress is known to affect physiological systems in goats. This study investigated changes in nutrient digestibility, behavior and growth hormone secretion among goats in a hot environment (H; 35${\pm}$ 1.2$^{\circ}C$, [RH] 80${\pm}$7.2%, 13 d), and in a thermoneutral environment (T; 20${\pm}$0.6$^{\circ}C$, [RH] 80${\pm}$3.4%, 20 d), and accompanied by the same restricted diet as provided in the hot environment. The following results were obtained: rectal temperature and water intake were higher in the H treatment than in the T treatment or TR treatment, while hay consumption was lower. CP, NDF and ADF digestibility was highest in H treatment. Time spent eating in the H treatment was also the highest, followed in order by T treatment and TR treatment. Ruminating time was lower in H treatment than in T treatment or TR treatment, and reposing time was highest in the TR treatment. Growth hormone concentrations in T increased 4.5 h after feeding. In H, growth hormone concentrations increased 0.5 h after feeding. However, growth hormone concentrations were not changed following TR feeding. In conclusion, heat exposure in goats decreased feed intake, but increased digestibility. However, when goats in a thermoneutral environment received the same restricted feeding as they received in the hot environment, digestibility increased. Between the H treatment and TR treatment, the changes in digestibility were accomplished by coordinate changes in hormone secretion in order to maintain body homeostasis. To maintain energy balance under a hot temperature or a restricted feeding condition, goats may control their metabolism by changing growth hormone release.