• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.36-43
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• 2020

The extracts of antioxidants, torreya nucifera and alphinia henryi, were tested for properties as a fragrance material and applied to a mask pack formulation to study the fragrance properties. The DPPH antioxidant test of hot water and ethanol extract confirmed that the ethanol extract had superior antioxidant efficacy compared to the hot water extract. It was confirmed that the optimal mixing ratio as a raw material for the mask pack of torreya nucifera and alphinia henryi was 3:7 as a result of the DPPH antioxidant test. As a result of the cytotoxicity test, the cell viability was good as it showed 103.30% at 0.5 ug/mL, 104.25% at 1 ug/mL, 102.56% at 5 ug/mL, and 99.17% at 10 ug/mL compared to the untreated group. As a result of the patch test on the mask pack formulation, the skin irritation index of 0.02 was judged as a non-irritation product in the skin irritation primary stimulation human application test. In the evaluation of skin moisturizing, it showed a significant increase rate of 19.178% compared to before the sample adaptation. Evaluation of the change over time in the sheet mask pack formulation confirmed the formulation stability without viscosity and pH change for 12 weeks at low temperature(4℃), room temperature(25℃), and high temperature(45℃).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.253-261
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• 1985

The reproduction of marbled sole Limanda yokohamae, caught near around the southeastern coast of Korea, from December 1983 to November 1984, was investigated based on such annual variations as gonadosomatic index(GSL), gametogenesis, reproductive cycle, spawning number, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and fatness. GSI began to increase in the autumn season with the onset of shorter day length and colder water temperature, and reached the maximum value in December with the shortest day length and the lowest temperature over the year. The gonad activated the proliferation of oogonia and spermatogonia in June, reached the mature stage in October, ripe in December, and spawning from the end of December to January. After spawning, it showed the resting stage which gonad remained regressive and suppressive from February to May. In addition, the adult individuals observed discharged eggs only once during their spawning period. At yolk globular stage, the substance of vitellogenin synthesized from the liver was considered to participate in the active yolk accumulation of oocytes. Marbled sole was concluded to be a typical winter spawning species in that such environmental factors as short day length and low water temperature were closely related with the gametogenesis, the stimulation of oocyte maturation, and were also affecting the ovulation.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 1995

Jicon scallop (Chlamys farreri), as one of new culture species, has been taken a growing interest in Korea recently. Artificial seeds are needed since seeds in natural waters are absolutely short. To develop the better methods for the artificial spawning and the rearing larvae on a large scale, experiments were carried out from July 1993 to May 1994. Mother shells were collected from the area near Tong-yeong and Geoje-do, the southern part of the Korean Penninsula. It was estimated that a period of 2-years was needed to be mother shells after the fertilization. Generally, spawning occourred intermittently from March to August and the maximum occurred in July. A best way for the artificial spawning was a chemical incentive, a 'serotonin injection' in parallel with the exposure and the temperature stimulation. Densities of the fertilized eggs for the normal development was from 30 to 40 per mililiter. It took 27-days from the fertilization to the settling larva averaging $155{\mu}m$ in size with water temperature 11.5\~13.0^{\circ}C$. Isochrysis galvana and Chaetoceros calcitrans with a density of $1,500\times10^4$ cells per ililiter were supplied for rearing the larvae. A proper density of larvae was 10 individuals per mililiter, and the survival rate of larvae from the flowing water system was much better than that of larvae from the still water.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.511-516
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• 1999

The effects of environmental and compositon factors, such as reaction time, metal ions, pH, agitation speed, the weight ratio of water to oil, and the weight of enzyme, on the hydrolysis of oils by Lipase-OF were investigated. In case of oils with low melting point, the optimum temperature of hydrolysis were the enzyme activity was maximum was 37$^{\circ}C$. However, when the melting temperature was higher than 4$0^{\circ}C$, the optimum temperature was around the fusion temperature. The activity of Lipase-OF decreased very rapidly with increase of temperature in the range of higher than 45$^{\circ}C$ and the activity perished above $65^{\circ}C$. The effect of agitation speed was investigated from 150 to 650 rpm. The hydrolysis of oils increased as the agitation speed increased up to 350 rpm, but it did not increase any more above 350 rpm. The weight ratio of water to oil was changed from 1 : 9 to 9 : 1 for the investigation of the effect on the hydrolusis. The weight ratio for maximum hydrolysis was 1 : 1. $Ca^{2+}\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ among various metal ions had some effect on the stimulation of hydrolysis. The optimum concentration of the ions was about 100ppm at which the hydrolysis increased, compared with that of distilled water, by 2 to 3%. The Optimum pH of Lipase-OF was 7. The hydrolysis decreased as the pH decreased as the pH decreased and also decreased as the pH increased. The content of enzyme affected the hydrolysis of oil. The hydrolysis increased with the content of Lipase-OF in the range of less than 0.013 wt% of substrate. However, the increase of hydrolysis with the content of Lipase-OF ceased above 0.013 wt%. The experiments investigating the effect of environmental and composition factors on the hydrolysis of oils showed that the optimum temperature was 37$^{\circ}C$, the pH 7, the concentration of $Ca^{2+}\;or\;Mg^{2+}$ 100 ppm, the agitation speed 350 rpm, the weight ratio of water to oil 1 : 1, and the content of Lipase-OF 0.013 wt% of substrate.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

As conventional oil and gas reservoirs become depleted, interests for oil sands has rapidly increased in the last decade. Oil sands are mixture of bitumen, water, and host sediments of sand and clay. Most oil sand is unconsolidated sand that is held together by bitumen. Bitumen has hydrocarbon in situ viscosity of >10,000 centipoises (cP) at reservoir condition and has API gravity between $8-14^{\circ}$. The largest oil sand deposits are in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The reverves are approximated at 1.7 trillion barrels of initial oil-in-place and 173 billion barrels of remaining established reserves. Alberta has a number of oil sands deposits which are grouped into three oil sand development areas - the Athabasca, Cold Lake, and Peace River, with the largest current bitumen production from Athabasca. Principal oil sands deposits consist of the McMurray Fm and Wabiskaw Mbr in Athabasca area, the Gething and Bluesky formations in Peace River area, and relatively thin multi-reservoir deposits of McMurray, Clearwater, and Grand Rapid formations in Cold Lake area. The reservoir sediments were deposited in the foreland basin (Western Canada Sedimentary Basin) formed by collision between the Pacific and North America plates and the subsequent thrusting movements in the Mesozoic. The deposits are underlain by basement rocks of Paleozoic carbonates with highly variable topography. The oil sands deposits were formed during the Early Cretaceous transgression which occurred along the Cretaceous Interior Seaway in North America. The oil-sands-hosting McMurray and Wabiskaw deposits in the Athabasca area consist of the lower fluvial and the upper estuarine-offshore sediments, reflecting the broad and overall transgression. The deposits are characterized by facies heterogeneity of channelized reservoir sands and non-reservoir muds. Main reservoir bodies of the McMurray Formation are fluvial and estuarine channel-point bar complexes which are interbedded with fine-grained deposits formed in floodplain, tidal flat, and estuarine bay. The Wabiskaw deposits (basal member of the Clearwater Formation) commonly comprise sheet-shaped offshore muds and sands, but occasionally show deep-incision into the McMurray deposits, forming channelized reservoir sand bodies of oil sands. In Canada, bitumen of oil sands deposits is produced by surface mining or in-situ thermal recovery processes. Bitumen sands recovered by surface mining are changed into synthetic crude oil through extraction and upgrading processes. On the other hand, bitumen produced by in-situ thermal recovery is transported to refinery only through bitumen blending process. The in-situ thermal recovery technology is represented by Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage and Cyclic Steam Stimulation. These technologies are based on steam injection into bitumen sand reservoirs for increase in reservoir in-situ temperature and in bitumen mobility. In oil sands reservoirs, efficiency for steam propagation is controlled mainly by reservoir geology. Accordingly, understanding of geological factors and characteristics of oil sands reservoir deposits is prerequisite for well-designed development planning and effective bitumen production. As significant geological factors and characteristics in oil sands reservoir deposits, this study suggests (1) pay of bitumen sands and connectivity, (2) bitumen content and saturation, (3) geologic structure, (4) distribution of mud baffles and plugs, (5) thickness and lateral continuity of mud interbeds, (6) distribution of water-saturated sands, (7) distribution of gas-saturated sands, (8) direction of lateral accretion of point bar, (9) distribution of diagenetic layers and nodules, and (10) texture and fabric change within reservoir sand body.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.328-333
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• 1983

Due to fast industrialization and reduced agricultural population, there has been increased farm mechanization to reduce the labor requirement. In rice production, mechanical transplanting has been increasingly popular due to the heavy labor requirement in hand transplanting and development of convenient transplanters. For mechanical transplanting, rice seedlings is grown in boxes with limited soils under super dense population, thus short period of exposure to unfavorable temperature and poor water management would cause severe damage to rice seedlings such as seedling damping off and the similar physiological disorders. Several chemicals were evaluated for their effectiveness to control the disease and disorders, and other effects as plant growth stimulants. 3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-a soil fungicide, Metalozyl-a fungicide which controls mildew, SF 8002-the composite of above two chemicals, and Isoprothiolane-a fungicide which controls rice blast were found to be effective controling seedling damping off and similar physiological disorders, and improvement of physiological characteristics of the seedlings such as the amount of bleeding sap, rooting ability, negative geotrophism, and regrowth after cutting. The results indicated that the chemicals will be very effective raising healthy seedlings even under unfavorable environments by the improvement of physiological activities of seedlings and preventing seedling damping off and the similar physiological disorders.