• 제목/요약/키워드: Water storage

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Effect of water storage on flexural strength of silorane and methacrylate-based composite resins

  • Panahandeh, Narges;Torabzadeh, Hassan;Naderi, Hani;Sheikh-Al-Eslamian, Seyedeh Mahsa
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • 제42권4호
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    • pp.309-315
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    • 2017
  • Objectives: This study assessed the effect of water storage on the flexural strength (FS) of low shrinkage composites. Materials and Methods: A total of 165 bar-shaped specimens ($2{\times}2{\times}25mm$) were fabricated of 2 low shrinkage composites (Filtek P90 [3M ESPE], GC Kalore [GC International]) and a conventional methacrylate-based composite (Filtek Z250 [3M ESPE]). The specimens were subjected to 3-point bending test at 6 time intervals, namely: immediately after curing, at 24 hours, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year following storage in wet and dry conditions. The FS of the specimens were measured by applying compressive load at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. Data was analyzed using 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results: Three-way ANOVA revealed significant interactions between time, type of composite, and storage condition (p = 0.001). Tukey's multiple comparison test revealed significant reductions in FS of all composites after 6 months and 1 year of storage in distilled water compared to dry condition. Conclusions: Filtek P90 showed the highest and GC Kalore showed the lowest FS after 1 year storage in distilled water. The immediate high strength of Filtek Z250 significantly decreased at 1 year and its final value was lower than that of Filtek P90.

기존 도시의 홍수저감을 위한 우수관거 배수용량 증대 및 지하 빗물저류조 설치효과 비교 분석 (Comparative Analysis of the Storm Sewer Expansion Methodology and Underground Rainwater Storage Tanks for Urban Flood Control)

  • 이호열;서규태;이택순
    • 한국물환경학회지
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    • 제29권6호
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    • pp.754-761
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    • 2013
  • Urban floods are usually caused by the lack of drainage capacity. Hence, sewer capacity expansion methodology by replacing small pipes with bigger ones is primarily applied as a flood control measure. However, this approach is often unreasonable because of the costs and time involved. Thus, the installation of underground rainwater storage tanks with the two advantages of flood control and water conservation is proposed. This study compared the effectiveness of flood control by both the sewer expansion methodology and rainwater storage tanks using the Storm Water Management Model. Three cases were simulated in this study. The first case analyzed flood reduction by the storm sewer expansion methodology. The simulation results indicate that the overflow volume from manholes was reduced by 49% with this methodology. The second case analyzed flood reduction by installation of rainwater storage tanks. The simulation results indicate that the overflow volume was reduced by 62%. However, these two cases could not prevent urban floods completely. Hence, the third case analyzed the joint application of the storm sewer expansion methodology and rainwater storage tanks. In this simulation, flooding did not occur. Consequently, the results of this study clearly show that underground rainwater storage tanks are more effective for flood control than capacity expansion of storm sewer. Furthermore, the joint application of these two flood control measures is more effective than their separate application.

농업저수지의 저수량 추정을 위한 Sentinel-1 SAR 영상 기반 수체탐지 기법 (Sentinel-1 SAR image-based waterbody detection technique for estimating the water storage in agricultural reservoirs)

  • 정재환;오승철;이슬찬;김진영;최민하
    • 한국수자원학회논문집
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    • 제54권7호
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    • pp.535-544
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    • 2021
  • 농업용수는 용수수요의 48%를 차지하고 있으며, 농업 유역내의 유량관리를 위해서는 농업저수지의 관리가 중요하다. 효율적인 농업용수의 활용을 위해서는 농업저수지 및 농업 유역 내 수자원의 분포를 모니터링 할 수 있는 기술이 요구된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2018년부터 2020년까지 3년간의 Sentinel-1 영상을 활용하여 지상의 수체를 탐지하기 위한 임계값 결정 방법 세 가지(고정 임계값, Otsu 임계값, Kittler-Illingworth (KI) 임계값)을 비교하여, 정확한 저수면적을 산정하기 위한 임계값 결정 방법을 평가하고자 하였다. 또한 이동, 고삼, 기흥저수지에서 저수면적과 저수량의 관계를 분석하여, SAR 영상 기반의 저수량을 산정하였고 지상관측 자료와의 검증을 수행하였다. 수체를 탐지하기 위한 임계값 결정 방법은 KI 임계값의 경우가 가장 정확한 것으로 나타났으며, KI 임계값을 활용하여 산정된 저수량은 이동, 고삼, 기흥저수지의 지상관측 자료와의 검증에서 평균 r = 0.9235, KGE' = 0.8691 로 높은 일치도를 나타냈다. 계절에 따른 오차 특성은 충분히 관측되지 않았으나, 저수면적과 저수량 간의 관계가 급격하게 바뀌는 고수위에서의 과소 산정 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 정확한 저수량 추정을 위해서는 지상관측 자료를 통한 저수면적-저수량 관계 파악이 선행되어야 한다. 추후 수자원위성을 통한 SAR 자료의 활용이 가능해지면, 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 저수량 모니터링 및 가뭄 대응을 위한 활용에서 유용할 것으로 판단되나, 홍수예방 등의 목적으로 활용하기 위해서는 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

저수량 배분규칙을 적용한 병렬저수지 용수공급능력 해석 (The Capability Analysis of Water Supply for the Parallel Reservoir System by Allocation Rules)

  • 박기범;지홍기;이순탁
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.215-224
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this study was to estimates water supply reliability indices of the water supply by Allocation Rules(AR) for parallel reservoirs. Rule (A) can be considered it as only current storage, Rule(B) can be considered it as current storage and inflow and Rule(C) can be considered it as current storage, inflow and water supply capacity. First, conditions of water supply are divided by Condition I for the monthly constant water supply and Condition II for the monthly varied water supply. Second, results of allocation coefficients are revealed the smallest different at Rule(C). The analysis of water supply showed that the capability of water supply is superior to the Rule(B), it is superior to the Rule(C) on the base of the balance of water supply. The reliability analysis was highly showed at the Rule(B) and Rule(C). A methodology for the analysis of water supply was developed and applied to the parallel reservoir system from this research, The operation rule for the parallel reservoir can be slightly modified and successfully applied to the different kinds of the parallel reservoir system.

강우-유출 자료에 의한 Clark 모형의 저류상수 결정 (Determination of the Storage Constant for the Clark Model by based on the Observed Rainfall-Runoff Data)

  • 안태진;최광훈
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국수자원학회 2007년도 학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.1454-1458
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    • 2007
  • The determination of feasible design flood is the most important to control flood damage in river management. Model parameters should be calibrated using observed discharge but due to deficiency of observed data the parameters have been adopted by engineer's empirical sense. Storage constant in the Clark unit hydrograph method mainly affects magnitude of peak flood. This study is to estimate the storage constant based on the observed rainfall-runoff data at the three stage stations in the Imjin river basin and the three stage stations in the Ansung river basin. In this study four methods have been proposed to estimate the storage constant from observed rainfall-runoff data. The HEC-HMS model has been adopted to execute the sensitivity of storage constant. A criteria has been proposed to determine storage constant based on the results of the observed hydrograph and the HEC-HMS model.

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건포도 천연 발효액과 호밀 사워도우를 이용한 호밀-밀 혼합빵의 저장 중 저장수명, 수분활성도 및 조직감의 변화 (Changes in Shelf-Life, Water Activity, and Texture of Rye-Wheat Mixed Bread with Naturally Fermented Raisin Extract and Rye Sourdough during Storage)

  • 김문용;전순실
    • 한국식품조리과학회지
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.170-179
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    • 2009
  • This study examined effects on shelf-life extension and prevention of starch retrogradation in rye-wheat mixed bread (RWMB) samples prepared with substitutions of 20, 40, 60, and 80% rye sourdough (RSD) as well as a control made with the addition of naturally fermented raisin extract. These effects were investigated using mold growth, water activity, and textural characteristics during a storage period of 8 days at $20^{\circ}C$. The activities of the rye sourdough were examined in terms of pH, total titratable acidity, general bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast counts. As the incubation time of the sour dough increased, pH decreased, while total titratable acidity increased. General bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast counts increased with increasing incubation time. Mold grew on the external surface of the control group after 6 days and on the surface of the RSD bread samples after 8 days, respectively. With regard to water activity, the control group had increasing activity as the storage period increased. In addition, the 20, 40, 60, and 80% RSD samples had increasing water activities until the 4th day however, these strongly decreased by the 6th day. In terms of textural characteristics, as the storage period increased, hardness increased, while springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience decreased. There were no significant differences in gumminess among the samples. The control, 20, 40, and 60% RSD samples had decreases in chewiness with increasing storage time, however, the 40% RSD sample did not differ significantly during the storage period. Finally, water activity was negatively correlated with hardness (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that substituting rye sourdough in rye-wheat mixed bread has a prolongation effect on shelf-life, but no effect on the prevention of starch retrogradation.

연속 강우-유출 모의기법을 이용한 최적 CSOs 산정에 관한 연구 (A Study of Optimal-CSOs by Continuous Rainfall/Runoff Simulation Techniques)

  • 조덕준;김명수;이정호;김중훈
    • 한국물환경학회지
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    • 제22권6호
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    • pp.1068-1074
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    • 2006
  • For receiving water quality protection a control systems of urban drainage for CSOs reduction is needed. Examples in combined sewer systems include downstream storage facilities that detain runoff during periods of high flow and allow the detained water to be conveyed by an interceptor sewer to a centralized treatment plant during periods of low flow. The design of such facilities as storm-water detention storage is highly dependant on the temporal variability of storage capacity available as well as the infiltration capacity of soil and recovery of depression storage. For the continuous long-term analysis of urban drainage system this study used analytical probabilistic model based on derived probability distribution theory. As an alternative to the modeling of urban drainage system for planning or screening level analysis of runoff control alternatives, this model has evolved that offers much ease and flexibility in terms of computation while considering long-term meteorology. This study presented rainfall and runoff characteristics of the subject area using analytical probabilistic model. Runoff characteristics manifested the unique characteristics of the subject area with the infiltration capacity of soil and recovery of depression storage and was examined appropriately by sensitivity analysis. This study presented the average annual CSOs, number of CSOs and event mean CSOs for the decision of storage volume.

온수 추출과정 동안 축열조 내의 열성층 특성 및 온수 이용률에 관한 연구 (A Study on Thermal Stratification Characteristics and Useful Rate of Hot Water in Thermal Storage Tank during Hot Water Extraction Process)

  • 장영근;박정원
    • 설비공학논문집
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    • 제14권6호
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    • pp.503-511
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    • 2002
  • Heat flow characteristics during hot water extraction process was studied experimentally. Data were taken at various outlet port type for the fixed inlet port type, inlet-outlet temperature differences and mass flow rates. In this study, the temperature distribution in a storage tank and an outlet temperature were measured to predict a degree of stratification in the storage tank, and a useful rate of hot water was analysed with respect to the variables dominating a extraction process. Experimental results show that the degree of stratification and useful rate of hot water are all high in a low flow rate in case of using modified distributor I (MDI) as the outlet port type.

설마천 사면의 토양층 저류량의 분포양상에 관한 연구 (Distribution of Soil Water Storage at a Hillslope in Sulmachun Watershed)

  • 장은세;김상현;이정훈
    • 한국농림기상학회지
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    • 제18권2호
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    • pp.88-98
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    • 2016
  • 설마천 유역의 범륜사 사면에서 2010년 3월26일에서 동년 11월 30일까지 측정된 토양수분자료를 이용하여 사면에서의 저류 특성을 산정하고 분석하였다. 측정지점들을 위치와 특성에 따라 A, B 단면 C 지역으로 구분하여 저류변수들을 계절별로 분석하였으며, 지점별 초과유출과 저류상수도 계산하였다. 설마천의 측정된 토양수분자료를 이용하여 저류량의 시공간적 변화를 분석하였다. 시간적인 저류량의 변동양상은 봄철에 식생의 활동으로 저류량이 낮게 나타났고, 여름철에 강우사상에 의한 증가를 보이다가 가을철과 겨울철에 건조기간으로 인해 감소현상이 나타났으며, 공간적인 저류량의 변동양상은 상부사면은 충전효과가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났고, 중부사면은 상부사면보다 높은 초기 저류량을 가지며 일정량을 유지하는 특성이 나타났고, 하부사면은 강우사상에 의한 증가폭이 크며 감쇄는 완만하게 나타나 상부로부터의 기여와 충전을 확인할 수 있었다. 토양수분과 증발산으로 추정된 유량과 하부지점인 전적 비교에서 관측된 유량을 비교하였을 때 계절별, 위치별 상이한 연관성이 나타났다. 하부지점으로 갈수록 상관 관계가 높게 나타났고 완충지점인 C단면에서 비교적 높은 연관성이 나타났다. 계절별로는 여름철과 하부지점에서 계산된 유량이 높게 나타난 것을 알수 있는데 이는 하부지점이 사면유출발생 지점이 될 수 있음을 보여주고 것이다. 이와 같은 지점별 유량의 발생은 시간적인 요인보다는 공간적인 특성에 제어되고 있다고 판단된다. 유역의 특성을 고려하여 저류상수 K의 거동은 계절별로는 여름철과 가을철에 높게 나타나고 있다. 이는 여름철에 많은 강우량으로 인해 저류상수가 높게 나타났고 가을철에 저류상수가 높게 나타난 것은 가을철 토양수분의 충전현상이 발달된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 지점별로 하부지점으로 갈수록 저류상수 값이 증가 하였다. 이는 상부사면으로부터의 기여와 충전으로 설명될 수 있다.

상전이 마이크로캡슐이 함유된 고기능성 축열.발열 직물의 제조 및 물리적 특성 : 습식코팅 (Preparation and Physical Characteristics of High-Performance Heat Storage.Release Fabrics with PCMMc : Wet coating process)

  • 구강;최종덕;최종석;김은애;박영미
    • 한국염색가공학회지
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    • 제19권1호
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    • pp.24-30
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    • 2007
  • Heat storage/release system in textile is a useful tool to increase energy efficiency and enhance comfortable microclimate of clothing. Phase change materials(PCM) are used in regulating storage and release properties of thermal energy. To investigate the temperature regulating ability of fabrics with PCM microcapsule(PCMMc), Nylon fabrics were coated with PCMMc via wet processing and they were characterized by SEM, DSC and infrared thermal analyzer. Also, water moisture transpiration, water penetration resistance, peel strength and washing durability of the fabrics were assessed. The water vapor permeation and water penetration resistance decreased with increasing PCMMc content. In DSC analysis, it can be seen that the microencapsulated fabric showed both exothermic md endothermic phenomena at specific temperature. Peel strength was decreased with increasing PCMMc content.