• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.45-71
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• 1991

The landscape systems in Korean island settlements can be recognized as results of ingabitants' ecological adptation to the isolated environment with the limited natural resources. Both the fishery dominant industry in island society and ecological nature of its environments seem to have influenced on inhabitants' environmental cognition as well as the physical landscape of island villages such as its location, spatial pattern in each village, housing form and so on. This study was done mainly by both refering to the related documents and direct observations in case study areas, and results of the study can be summarized as follows. 1. In general, the landscape of an individual island seems to take more innate characteristics of island's own, corresponding to the degree of isolation from mainland. That is, while the landscape of island in neighboring waters takes both inland-like and island-innate landscape character at the same time, the one in the open sea far from land takes more innate landscape character of all island's own in the aspects of village location, land use and housing density etc. 2. The convex landform of most islands brings about more centrifugal village allocation than centripetal allocation in most inland villages. And thus most villages in each island face extremely diverse directions different from the south facing preference in most inland rural villages. 3. Most island villages tend to be located along the ecologically transitional strip between land and sea, so called 'line of life', rather than between hilly slope and flat land as being in most inland village locations. So they are located with marine ecology bounded fishing ground ahead and land ecology bounded agricultural site at the back of them. 4. The settlement pattern of the island fishing villages shows more compact spatial structure than that of inland agricultural villages, due to the absolute limits of usable land resources and the adaptation to the marine environment with severe sea winds and waves or for the easy accessability to the fishing grounds. And also the managerial patterns of public owned sea weed catching ground, which take each family as the unit of usership rather than an individual, seem to make the villagescape more compact and the size of Individual residence smaller than that of inland agricultural village. 5. The folk shrine('Dand') systems, in persrective of villagescape, represent innate environmental cognition of island inhabitants above all other cultural landscape elements in the island. Usually the kinds and the meanings of island's communal shrine and its allocative patternsin island villagescape are composed of set with binary opposition, for example 'Upper shrine(representing 'earth', 'mountain' or 'fire')' and 'Lower Shrine(representing 'sea', 'dragon' or 'water') are those. They are usually located at contrary positions in villagescape each other. That is, they are located at 'the virtical center or visual terminus(Upper shrine at hillside behind the village)' and 'the border or entrance(Lower Shrine at seashore in front of the village)'. Each of these shirines' divinity coincides with each subsystem of island's natural eco-system(earth sphere vs marine sphere) and they also contribute to ecological conservation, bonded with the 'Sacred Forest(usually with another function of windbreak)' or 'Sacred Natural Fountain' nearby them, which are representatives of island's natural resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.12-47
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• 1991

This work aims to introduce the concept of microcomputer aided port design simulation methodology including the analysis of the mathematical models to be implemented and apply it to the Third Stage Busan Port Development Project. In the Busan case study, the size of the proposed turning basin of the new terminal, together with the operational strategies of berthing and unberthing, was examined, In addition, the safety on ship's entry and exit through the projected new breakwaters was ascertained. From the application of simulation to the Busan project, it was found that the proposed dredging area was not sufficiently wide enough for the modelled container ship to perform A time unberthing (in which the ship turns to port as she manoeuvres away from N.1. Berth with the assistance of tugs), especially in a strong easterly wind. It is therefore, recommended that Busan pilots should be advised to sue B type unberthing strategy, in which the ship goes astern from no.1 berth tot he turning area in front of No.2 berth(where the ship turns 180 degrees clockwise), especially when the wind is very strong, It is also recommended that a sea buoy be placed outside the new breakwaters, as this was found to improve the safety of ship manoeuvres through the breakwaters significantly . Another recommendation is that the Korean hydrodynamic Office carry out a detailed survey of the currents in the water area near the new breakwaters once they have been constructed. In addition, it is to be recommended that a current meter be placed at the recommended sea buoy to improve the safety of ship manoeuvres which could otherwise be jeopardised by eeroneos current information.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2004

The reclaimed land has peculiar characteristic of nature environment unlike midtown or inland and also, in comparison with inland, has bad weather condition, such as low temperature, strong wind, excessive sunshine, and moisture involved in a salt. Therefore the case of developing water front needs understanding characteristic of weather environment mused by reclamation in detail and proper development and organized maintenance. If development which doesn't investigate topographic and climate characteristic sufficiently is drove ahead, a rise of expense for energy and maintenance is going to be mused by deteriorating weather environmental, occurring a flaw of facility and calculating inaccurate capacity of facility. We looked into the weather state and drew up the standard weather data of the newport area in Busan which is reclaiming and developing now. In this research at the base qf the standard weather data, we calculate the dynamic peak loads for commerce, business and residence and then we utilize the results of the load calculation as basic information to determine facility capacity in the rear city of the newport area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.151-156
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• 1987

The author carried out an experiment to find out the response of sea-bass, Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg) to the color lights. The experimental tank (360L$\times$50W$\times$55H cm) was set up in a dark room. Six longitudinal sections with 60 cm intervals are marked in the tank to observe the location of the fish. Water depth in the tank was kept 50 cm level. Light bulbs of 20 W at the both ends of the tank projected the light horizontally into the tank. Two different colored filters were selected from four colors of red, blue, yellow, and white, and they were placed in front of the light bulbs to make different colors of light. Light intensity were controlled by use of auxiliary filters intercepted between the bulb and the filter. The fishes were acclimatized in the dark for 50 minutes before they were employed in the experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 40 times in 30 second intervals, and the mean of the number of fish in each section was given as the gathering rate of the fish. The colors favourited by the fish was found in the order of blue, red, white and yellow in day time, and red, blue, yellow and white at night time. The gathering rate of fish on illumination period was not constant and fluctuated with irregularity. The difference of the gathering rate on two different colors of light was small and the difference was larger in night time then in day time.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.4 s.109
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• pp.416-427
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• 2005

This paper aims to investigate morphological changes of deltaic barrier islands in the Nakdong Estuary and especially their spatial variations after barrage construction. We analyzed shorelines, geometrical centroids, and areas to reveal the changes of barrier islands. Here, we suggest three interesting points from this study. First, each individual barrier island in the Nakdong estuary goes through a different stage of the geomorphic cycle. The frontal barrier islands such as Sinja-do and Doyo-deung grow because they are located in front of the gates of the barrage. Sediments in water out of the gates are moved to offshore and then reworked by coastal processes such as waves and tides. Second, on the contrary, Baekhap-deung located behind Doyo-deung now diminishes indicating that sediments mainly move to the frontal growing island. Third, there is no morphological change in several barrier islands far away from the main flow of the Nakdong river such as Jinwoo-do, Daema-deung, and Jangja-do. In conclusion, barrier islands in the Nakdong estuary show distinct spatial variations. As a barrier island is closer to the main channel or is in the frontal location, there happens a very dynamic change in the morphology of the island.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 1994

This study attempt to evaluate the recreation space(two patterns ; one is open space ; forest, water-front space and free open space, the other recreational fercilities) located in the natural area based on clarifying the relationship between the physical conditions of these spaces and human response(users' cognitive evaluation and users' activity pattern). On this standpoint it was proceeded to analyses of the information which was collected by interviews to users who were in this open space at the natural park of Osaka Prefecture. Through this study, the results were summarized as follows ; 1) Forest and waterfront space are considered to be a basic factor of the composition in natural recreation areas. There was difference on the recreational value depending on condition of forest composition. The hardwood-forest apparently high in its efficiency. 2) Free open space is a definite recreational space surely wide in its scope of active of recreational use. The site should be setted up considering the plants conditions around and geographical features according to the recreational activities, and the ground cover should be well controlled. 3) The recreational facilities in natural settings such as the sightseeing tower, the insect display hall, and the camp site appeared to produce low value as a recreational space. It was desirable that recreational activities be allowed within the scope. Consequently, we should carefully consider environmental capacity and landscape to designing these spaces 4) Traditional history and cultural properties are recognized as part of recreational resource as and also as essence of the compositions. So continuos care and proportion of history and cultural properties should be guaranteed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 2014

This study was carried out to research the locations and comprehensive functions of Chinese unique Banwoldang(half-moon shaped pond) appeared at the traditional Chinese villages. Based on the research, the time of Banwoldang being introduced into Chinese traditional culture could date back to Yuan Dynasty and villages that have Banwoldang mainly distributed in the south of the Yangtze River of China where wealthy and high class have lived. Bamwoldangs were mostly built at the front of the village clan halls for the prosperity of the whole clan, The main reason of Banwoldang construction was to complete Feng Shui functions and its goal from the point of Feng Shui in Chinese ancient villages was replenishing the power of location, including increasing the probability of passing the imperial examination for villagers, multiplying riches, minimizing the fire accident and perfecting the geomantic pattern 'leaning against the hill and facing the water(背山臨水)' of villages. Other functions of Banwoldang were found as the place for the community meeting, fish farming and protection of village from enemy. In this research, the reasons of Banwoldang location and values of its various functions were found. But Banwoldang is disappearing rapidly at the Chinese modern villages because there is no interest in traditional culture. Banwoldang is one of unique elements of Chinese culture that must be preserved, so its meaning and value should be lasted well as the Chinese traditional cultures.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.230-236
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• 2020

A trash screen is installed in front of the inflow channel of a drainage pumping station, sewage treatment plant, and a power plant to block floating contaminants. The bottleneck phenomenon, which decreases the water inflow, causes damage to the damper as a result of clogging in between the screen if string type obstacles are not removed. In this paper, the apron was removed, and the screen was expanded, to prevent breakage of the bottleneck phenomenon and string type obstacles. This was designed using an extended rake by adding an inner rake in between the screen interspace to remove the bottleneck phenomenon and string type obstacles. To design the inner rake that satisfies the allowable stresses of the existing damper rake, the experiment points were determined according to the experimental design method using the inner rake vertical length and the thickness of the reinforced section as parameters. The use of the ANSYS static structural module and statistical analysis tool R software gives the optimized shape according to the response surface method. The relative error between the response surface analysis results and the simulation results was 1.63% of the determined optimal design-point rake length of 210.2 mm and the reinforcement section thickness of 2 mm. Through empirical experiments, a test rake was constructed to the actual size, and approximately 97% of the bottleneck phenomenon and string type obstacles could be removed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.474-481
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• 2011

The discharge coefficient and spatial velocity distribution were clarified by carrying out a physical experiment to assess the performance of sluice for tidal power generation. The physical experiment was performed by manufacturing 10 sluce models whose scale is 1/70 of the prototype and installing it in the planar open channel, which has apron sections in front of and behind the sluice models. In particular, it was attempted to reasonably determine the locations and method of measuring water levels that may affect estimation of the discharge coefficient. Based on the experimental results for various conditions of discharges and tidal levels, the discharge coefficient of the sluice in the experiment was estimated as 1.3 to 1.4. Meanwhile, it was found that velocities were 2~3% faster at the sluices near the central region whereas 4~5% slower at the sluices on both sides, in comparison to the average value of the mean velocities of the ten sluices.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.60-74
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• 2007

For quantitative analysis of spatio-temporal distribution pattern on marine environment, spatial autocorrelation statistics on the both global and local aspects was applied to the observed data obtained from Gwangyang Bay in South Sea of Korea. Global indexes such as Moran's I and General G were used for understanding environmental distribution pattern in the whole study area. LISAs (local indicators of spatial association) such as Moran's I ($I_i$) and $G_i{^*}$ were considered to find similarity between a target feature and its neighborhood features and to detect hot spot and/or cold spot. Additionally, the significance test on clustered patterns by Z-scores was carried out. Statistical results showed variations of spatial patterns quantitatively in the whole year. Then all of general water quality, nutrients, chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton had strong clustered pattern in summer. When global indexes showed strong clustered pattern, the front region with a negative $I_i$ which means a strong spatial variation was observed. Also, when global indexes showed random pattern, hot spot and/or cold spot were/was found in the small local region with a local index $G_i{^*}$. Therefore, global indexes were useful for observing the strength and time series variations of clustered patterns in the whole study area, and local indexes were useful for tracing the location of hot spot and/or cold spot. Quantification of both spatial distribution pattern and clustering characteristics may play an important role to understand marine environment in depth and to find the reasons for spatial pattern.