• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 2011

In order to explore vegetation adaptation to climate variability and the impacts on water balance dynamics, the inter-regional and the inter-annual variability of both water availability and vegetation productivity are investigated. The Horton index, which is the ratio between actual evapotranspiration and catchment wetting as a measure of vegetation water use at catchment-scale, is revisited to quantify the effects of growing-season water availability on hydrologic partitioning at catchment scale. It is shown that the estimated Horton index is relatively constant irrespective of inter-annual climate variability. In addition, the Horton index is compared with catchment-scale vegetation rain use efficiency. The results show that there is an interesting pattern in the response of vegetation water use to water availability. When water becomes the limiting factor for vegetation productivity, the catchment-scale vegetation rain use efficiency converges to a common maximum value in agreement with earlier findings at the ecosystem level.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
• /
• 2006.03a
• /
• pp.171-178
• /
• 2006

In advanced countries, state-of-the-art temperature monitoring technique is widely used for effective use of geothermal resources. But these kind of modern tools such as Thermal Line Sensor has not been applied to find geothermal characteristics of alluvium and riverbed in domestic area. In this research, state-of-the-art thermal line temperature sensor monitoring was introduced. And long term field test using this type of sensor was performed to find geothermal characteristics of alluvium and riverbed and evaluate the availability for heat energy source. As a result, temperature monitoring technique through thermal line sensor was very effective to obtain basic geothermal information of alluvium deposit and riverbed. Also, it was found that the groundwater temperature phase showed its potential of utilization as a energy source of heat pump. It is estimated that further study shows a specific corelation between temperature monitoring data and its availability as a energy source.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.53 no.8
• /
• pp.569-582
• /
• 2020

Recently, Korea has faced a change in the pattern of water use due to urbanization, which has caused difficulties in understanding the rainfall-runoff process and optimizing the allocation of available water resources. In this perspective, spatially downscaled analysis of the water balance is required for the efficient operation of water resources in the National Water Management Plan and the River Basin Water Resource Management Plan. However, the existing water balance analysis does not fully consider water circulation and availability in the basin, thus, the obtained results provide limited information in terms of decision making. This study aims at developing a novel water circulation analysis model that is designed to support a quasi-real-time assessment of water availability along the river. The water circulation model proposed in this study improved the problems that appear in the existing water balance analysis. More importantly, the results showed a significant improvement over the existing model, especially in the low flow simulation. The proposed modeling framework is expected to provide primary information for more realistic hydrological drought monitoring and drought countermeasures by providing streamflow information in quasi-real-time through a more accurate natural flow estimation approach with highly complex network.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.37-60
• /
• 1993

Because of the rapid growing traffic volumes of cargo, especially between Seoul and Inchon, and lack of investment into transport infrastructure in the past, in Kyong-in area have suffered from the serious traffic congestion in the public-road and the express-way network, But the further expansion of the traffic volume in near future is difficult due to burden of the higher expansion of the traffic volume in near future is difficult due to burden of the higher construction cost. Although the traffic congestion on the Kyung-in railway, is not very serious comparing with the road sector, the shortage of capacity on some main lines becomes emerged as a problem as railway traffic has increased. Unlike these two modes, the water transport, which has been paid relatively less attention for commodity transport in Kyong-in area, has not any constaint in this respect. Han river has been used as a water transport route in Chosun Dynasty which is called Cho-wun. This paper therefore aims to propose the availability of Han river as the alternative water transportation mode, in order to decrease the congestion between Seoul-Inchon by considering the construction of Kyong-in artificial water channel in near future. In this paper, we investigate the availability of Nanji-do as the physical distribution depot connecting with the circulation express way in the national capital distribution depot connecting with the circulation express way in the national capital. We also estimate the traffic volume by using the push-barge carrier (300DWT) in the same channel through the simulation under some assumptions such as ship's turnaround time, speed, etc.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
• /
• 1999.07a
• /
• pp.230-233
• /
• 1999

The design and implementation of thyristor water cooling control systems in considered in this pape Coolant water is pumped through the thyristor heat sinks where heat is transferred from the thyristo to the water. This water is then pumped through outdoor air-to-water heat exchangers where heat I transferred to the outside air. Since the water must be pure, it is filtered and de-ionized. Also the water temperature must be below dew-point temperature. Redundant pumps, outdoor heat exchangers, power supply system, controller monitoring system are provided for system reliability and availability.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2022.05a
• /
• pp.294-294
• /
• 2022

In 2013, the Asian Development Bank classified the Philippines among the countries facing high food security risks. Evidence has suggested that climate change has affected agricultural productivity, and the effect of extreme climatic events notably drought has worsened each year. This had resulted in serious hydrological repercussions by limiting the timely water availability for the agriculture sector. Laguna is the 3^rd most populated province in the country, and it serves as one of the food baskets that feed the region and nearby provinces. In addition to climate change, population growth, rapid industrialization, and urban encroachment are also straining the delicate balance between water demand and supply. Studies have projected that the province will experience less rainfall and an increase in temperature, which could simultaneously affect water availability and crop yield. Hence, understanding the composite threat of climate change for crop yield and water consumption is imperative to devise mitigation plans and judicious use of water resources. The water footprint concept elaborates the water used per unit of crop yield production and it can approximate the dual impacts of climate change on water and agricultural production. In this study, the water footprint (WF) of six main crops produced in Laguna were estimated during 2010-2020 by following the methodology proposed by the Water Footprint Network. The result of this work gives importance to WF studies in a local setting which can be used as a comparison between different provinces as well as a piece of vital information to guide policy makers to adopt plans for crop-related use of water and food security in the Philippines.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
• /
• 2001.11a
• /
• pp.3-19
• /
• 2001

Where temperature permits plant growth, the existence of plants is controlled chiefly by the water availability. Without water, plants cannot grow, and man and animals cannot survive. With too much water, plant growth is also rather limited due partly to oxygen deficit in root zone (Ro et al., 1995). The objective of this seminar is to discuss the most important aspects of water management in relation to crop production and environmental conservation. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2021.06a
• /
• pp.144-144
• /
• 2021

The rapid urbanization in many Asian countries has taken millions of people from the rural countryside to concentrated megacities, which eventually putting pressure on the existing water resources. The over-growing population and increasing living standard of people in the urban region of developed as well as developing countries such as Korea, China, Japan and India have witnessed a drastic change in terms of domestic water demand for the past few decades. In this study, we used the concept of potential surface water availability in the form of surface runoff for future vulnerability assessment. We focused on 42 megacities having population more than 5 million as per the United Nations (UN) census data 2020. The study shows that 30 out of 42 cities having more than 180L/p/d demand for domestic use based on various references. We have predicted the domestic water demand for all the cities on the basis of current per capita demand up to 2035 using UN projected population data. We found that the projected water demand in megacities such as Seoul, Busan, Shanghai, Ghuanzou are increasing because of high population as well as GDP growth rate. On the contrary, megacities of Japan considered in our stud shows less water demand in future due to decreasing trend of population. As per the past records provided by the local municipalities/authorities, we projected different scenarios based on the future supply for various megacities such as Chennai, Delhi, Karachi, Mumbai, Shanghai, Wuhan, etc. We found that the supply to demand ratio of these cities would be below 75% for future period and if such trend continues then the inhabitants will face serious water stress conditions. Outcomes of this study would help the local policy makers to adopt sustainable initiatives on urban water governance to avoid the severe water stress conditions in the vulnerable megacities.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 2020

Bromate is a disinfection by-product generated mainly from the oxidation of bromide during the ozonation and disinfection process in order to remove pathogenic microorganism of drinking water, and classified as a possible human carcinogen by International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO). For the purpose of determining the trace level concentration of bromate, several sensitive techniques are applied mostly based on suppressed conductivity detection and UV/Visible detection after postcolumn reaction (PCR). In this study, the suppressed conductivity detection method and the PCR-UV/Visible detection method through the triiodide reaction were compared to analyze the trace bromate in water samples and estimated for the availability of these analytical methods. In addtion, the state-of-the-art techniques was applied for the determination of trace level bromate in various water matrices, i.e., soft drinking water, hard drinking water, mineral water, swimming pool water, and raw water. In comparison of two analytical methods, it was found that the conductivity detection had the suitable advantage to simultaneously analyze bromate and inorganic anions, however, the bromate might not be precisely quantified due to the matrix effect especially by chloride ion. On the other hand, the trace bromate was analyzed effectively by the method of PCR-UV/Visible detection through triiodide reaction to satisfactorily minimize the matrix interference of chloride ion in various water samples, showing the good linearity and reproducibility. Furthermore, the method detection limit (MDL) and recovery were 0.161 ㎍/L and 101.0-108.1 %, respectively, with a better availability compared to conductivity detection.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2019.05a
• /
• pp.407-407
• /
• 2019

According to Asian Development Bank report Pakistan is among water scarce countries. Climate scenario on the basis IPCC fifth assessment report (AR5) revealed that annual mean temperature of Pakistan from year 2010-2019 was $17C^o$ which will rise up to $21C^o$ at the end of this century, similarly almost 10% decrease of annual rainfall is expected at the end of the century. It is a changing task in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan to meet the water demands of rapidly increasing population in a changing climate. While many studies have tackled scarcity and stream flow forecasting of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) Pakistan, very few of them are related to socio-economic and climate change impact on sustainable water management of UIB. This study investigates the pattern of current and future surface water availability for various demand sites (e.g. domestic, agriculture and industrial) under different socio-economic and climate change scenarios in Upper Indus Basin (UIB) Pakistan for a period of 2010 to 2050. A state-of-the-art planning tool Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) is used to analyze the dynamics of current and future water demand. The stream flow data of five sub catchment (Astore, Gilgit, Hunza, Shigar and Shoyke) and entire UIB were calibrated and validated for the year of 2006 to 2011 using WEAP. The Nash Sutcliffe coefficient and coefficient of determination is achieved ranging from 0.63 to 0.92. The results indicate that unmet water demand is likely to increase severe threshold and the external driving forces e.g. socio-economic and climate change will create a gap between supply and demand of water.