• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 전자세라믹스 센서 및 박막재료 반도체재료 일렉트렛트 및 응용기술
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• pp.31-34
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• 2000

It is very important to understand the correlation of between inter layer dielectric(ILD) CMP process and various facility factors supplied to equipment system. In this paper, the correlation between the various facility factors supplied to CMP equipment system and ILD CMP process were studied. To prevent the partial over-polishing(edge hot-spot) generated in the wafer edge area during polishing, we analyzed various facilities supplied at supply system. With facility shortage of D.I. water(DIW) pressure, we introduced an adding purified $N_2(PN_2)$ gas in polishing head cleaning station for increasing a cleaning effect. DIW pressure and PN2 gas factors were not related with removal rate, but edge hot-spot of patterned wafer had a serious relation. We estimated two factors (DIW pressure and PN2 gas) for the improvement of CMP process. Especially, we obtained a uniform planarity in patterned wafer and prohibited more than 90% wafer edge over-polishing. In this study, we acknowledged that facility factors supplied to equipment system played an important role in ILD-CMP process.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.3-15
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• 2008

This study aims to simulate the 3 dimensional (3D) model of Keum-man connection canal using geographic information system (GIS) as well as considering design in viewpoint of engineering. The canal connects from Keumkang to Mangyungkang in order to supply fresh water into Saemankeum lake. This study used 3 dimensional spatial planning model (3DSPLAM) process to generate the 3D model, which has not only several planning layers in actual process, but also their corresponding layers in modeling process to simulate 3D space of rural villages. The discharge of the canal is $20m^3/s$ on slope of 1/28,400 in the canal length of 14.2km, which consists of pipe line and open channel. This study surveyed the route of the canal and its surrounding environment for facilities to make images in the 3D graphic model. Besides, the present study developed data set in GIS for geogrphical surface modeling as well as parameters in hydraulic analysis for water surface profile on the canal using HEC-RAS model. From the data set constructed, this study performed analysis of water surface profile with HEC-RAS, generation of digital elevation model (DEM) and 3D objects, design of the canal section and route on DEM in AutoCAD, and 3D canal model and its surrounding 3D space in 3DMAX with virtual reality. The study result showed that the process making 3D canal model tried in this study is very useful to generate computer graphic model with the designed canal on the surface of DEM. The generated 3D canal can be used to assist decision support for the canal policy.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.136-162
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• 1991

This thesis is a study on the change and the process of the development of the hygiene administration during the period of modernization of our nation which promoted by the open door policy of our country chiefly under the pressure of the foreign countries. During that period Korea had reorganized the old political system radically and introduced the western medical system. Through the close study of literature concerning the system of the hygiene administration, the laws of health and hygiene, the environmental sanitation organizations and their practical activities the author obtained the conclusions as following 1. The government passed around 40 laws of health and hygiene from the time when the bureau of hygiene was founded in 1894 to the annex of Korea to Japan. Most of the laws were believed to be established by the enforecement of Japanese government. When the epidemics were prevailing, a decree for the prevention of the epidemics was proclaimed by the Japanese president of the headquarters of national police. It is shown well that the sovereignty of Korea had been deprived. 2. After the armex of Korea to Japan, the hygiene police and the general police belonging to the bureau of national police shared the tasks of health and hygiene. This was a temporary system which had existed just during the colonial period. As for the water-supply which is the most important facility among the various environmental hygiene facilities, the rate of supply was remarkably high in Japanese rather than in Korean. 3. During the period of American military administration, it is notable that the division of hygiene in the bureau of national police was replaced by the bureau of hygiene. This period is regarded as the turning point when hygiene administration was operated by means of education along with the introuction of American system of public health. 4. Ever since the foundation of the republic government, the laws of health and hygiene which had been established during the colonial period have been put into operation without rriuch change except several regulations concerning food.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권5B호
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• pp.603-614
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• 2008

가정용수의 용도별 사용량은 주거형태, 거주자 생활양식, 주택구조 등의 내부적인 요인과 온도, 날씨, 수도요금 등과 같은 다양한 외부요인들의 영향을 받게 된다. 장기적으로는 거주민의 생활양식, 주거형태, 수도관련 시설의 변화 등에 따라 사용량이 점진적으로 변화하게 되며, 단기적으로는 기온이나 가뭄과 같은 기후조건이나 절수정책과 같은 인위적인 영향에 의해 사용량이 크게 변화하기도 한다. 용수수요에 영향을 미치는 인자에 대한 분석과 이해는 사용량의 변화원인과 경향을 설명해주고 여러가지 인자와의 상관관계를 분석함으로서 물사용패턴과 향후 수요를 예측하는데 도움을 준다. 본 연구에서는 가정용수의 용도별 사용량 실측자료를 바탕으로 사용패턴과 사용량에 미치는 영향인자를 분석하기 위하여 요일별, 월별, 계절별 사용량을 비교하고, 또한 가구특성, 기온 등의 외부인자에 의해 영향을 받는 용도에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 가정용수의 사용패턴을 분석한 결과, 토요일에 사용량이 가장 많고, 월간 중에는 7월의 사용량이 가장 높았으며, 월별 사용량의 첨두율은 평균대비 1.12로 나타났다. 기온에 따른 용도별 사용경향에서 총량용수는 $-14^{\circ}C{\sim}0^{\circ}C$까지 물사용량이 급격하게 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, $0^{\circ}C$이상에서는 큰 변화양상을 보이지 않았다. 반면에 세면, 세탁, 욕조용수는 $0^{\circ}C$이상에서도 점진적인 증가경향을 보였으나, 변기용수는 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 기온에 대한 용도별 사용량의 상관관계 분석결과 세면용수가 상관계수 0.73으로 상관성이 가장 높았으며, 변기용수는 -0.14로 매우 낮은 음의 상관성을 보였다. 각 인자별로 가정용수 사용량 원단위의 차이에 대한 유의성 여부를 검토하기 위하여 주택유형, 실거주인수, 가족구성, 건평, 수입, 맞벌이여부, 절수형변기, 비데기유무 등에 대하여 분산분석을 수행한 결과, 주택유형의 경우 욕조용수의 사용량에 차이가 발견되었고, 실거주인수는 싱크대, 변기, 기타, 총량용수에서 유의한 차이가 발견되었다. 특히 실거주인수는 세면과 욕조를 제외한 모든 용도별 사용량에서 유의한 차이를 보여 거주인수의 증감에 따라 용도별 사용량의 차이가 분명히 발생하며, 이는 향후 가구당 용수사용량을 설계하는 경우 평균 거주인수에 대한 신중한 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 이러한 가정용수의 용도별 사용특성 분석결과는 수요예측, 수요관리 정책수립, 수도관련 기자재 및 시설의 규격결정 등에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2013

Protected area based ecotourism is now the most interesting topic to the nature lover and policy maker throughout the world because of its linkage with economic benefits, protected area management and biodiversity conservation. Based on this premise our study explores the visitors' perception on the recreational potential of Kaptai National park and its potentiality in ecotourism development in Bangladesh. The field survey was carried out both in holidays and non-holidays of the week from the late winter season in 2009 to the spring season in 2010. A total of 118 visitors were interviewed with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. Study findings revealed that about 62% male constitute the visitors group with the maximum number of visitors in the age of between 15-25 years (35.59%). The tourists were very much attracted by boat riding (93.22%) followed by scenic beauty of Rampahar-Sitapahar (85.59%). A major portion of about 57.14% tourists wished to visit the park within a year because they got a lot of pleasure from Natural and green environment (86.44%) followed by boating on Kaptai Lake (85.59%). Most of the visitors (36%) were happy about existing facilities but defined some problems such as tour guiding facility, food and drinking water supply, etc. About 71% and 66% respondents perceived that Kaptai National Park made them to be concerned and protective of nature and supports and sustains local ecosystem respectively and 43% respondents agreed that Kaptai National Park ensures the social equity and involve local people in ecotourism which are the most important elements of sustainable ecotourism. The present study results also predict that the park might be a good recreational area for enjoying with family members and group of friends through proper management and promoting the relationships among tourism, local people and biodiversity conservation.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.289-292
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• 2020

Yemen has been faced with the worst cholera epidemic of modern times, with more than 1 million suspected cases and 3000 deaths at the time of writing. This problem is largely due to the longstanding civil war between pro-government forces and the Houthi armed movement, which has severely damaged already vulnerable sanitation and healthcare facilities and systems in the country. It is further compounded by a dire lack of basic amenities, chronic malnutrition, and unfavourable weather conditions. Another contributory component may be aerial transfer by cholera-infected chironomid insects. To contain the spread of cholera in Yemen, a nation-wide armistice should be negotiated, and national and local committees must be convened to coordinate efforts on the ground. Community isolation facilities with proper sanitation, reliable disposal systems, and a clean water supply should be set up to isolate and treat sick patients. The continuity of vaccination programmes should be ensured. Public health campaigns to educate local communities about good hygiene practices and nutrition are also necessary. The One Health paradigm emphasizes a multi-sectoral and transdisciplinary understanding and approach to prevent and mitigate the threat of communicable diseases. This paradigm is highly applicable to the ongoing cholera crisis in Yemen, as it demands a holistic and whole-of-society approach at the local, regional, and national levels. The key stakeholders and warring parties in Yemen must work towards a lasting ceasefire during these trying times, especially given the extra burden from the mounting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak worldwide.

• 농촌계획
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2016

In recent years, the population structure has been changed by the progresses of 6th-industrialization and transportation in farming areas. This study aims to suggest a regional development plan of farming areas in accordance with the demographic changes. Population structure indicators were derived from previous studies and literature review in order to identify the types of farming areas. Demographic indicators separated to depopulation and population growth in farming areas through a standardized scoring method. This research found that the division of economy is not only the most important division in any other regional development divisions but also necessary to develop new sources of non-farm income through traditional culture, natural environment. In the social division, it is necessary to secure the facilities for the formation of a sense of community to multicultural families and existing residents in farming areas. In the environmental division, it is desirable to improve the quality and satisfaction of life for residents such as the sidewalk and park that utilize ecological environment, culture, history for both depopulation and population region. In the physical division, there is a need for improvement of the facilities of basic living infrastructure service such as roads, water supply and sewerage systems. In the institution division, sustainable financial support of the central government policy for farming areas is crucial for the improvement of residential environment in the farming areas of depopulation and population region.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to develop the housing welfare indicators for evaluating housing welfare policies conducted by the Korean government. The contents of this research were as follows: as a phrase of setting up the development of housing welfare indicators, the scope of housing welfare and the direction of developing housing welfare indicators were settled. Second, as a phrase of drawing the housing welfare indicators, the indicators were categorized and selected. Third, as a phrase of applying the housing welfare indicators, the indicators in this research were quantified, and suggest the housing welfare from 2000 to 2005. As a result of this research, selected housing welfare indicators were settled as follows: the housing welfare indicators comprise 9 in the department of 'House', 4 in the department of 'Community', and 6 in the department of 'Policy Environment' (19 in total). Indicators were (1) Ratio of housing with Flush Toilets (2) Ratio of housing with Kitchen Sink (3) Ratio of housing with Bath facilities (4) Ratio of housing provided water supply (5) Ratio of housing supplied a sewage system (6) Floor Space per person (7) Number of persons per Room (8) PIR (9) RIR (10) Community Facilities Space per person (11) Urban Park Space per person (12) Journey to work (13) Crime Ratio (14) Number of Houses per 1,000 persons (15) Ratio of Substandard housing of the Minimum Housing Standard (16) Ratio of Irregular Dwelling Households (17) Ratio of Owner Occupant (18) Ratio of compulsory immigration (19) Ratio of Long-term Public Social Houses. The housing welfare indicators developed in this research will be used for the comprehensive assessment of the results of housing welfare policies and the establishment of housing policies as a basic material in the future.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2008

The aim of this research is to develop the sentiment indicators of housing welfare for evaluating housing welfare policies conducted by the Korean government. The methods of this research are used by analysis of related documents, FGI (Focus Group Interview), and survey. The survey was made by experts and consumers. To analyze the survey, this research also uses confirmatory factor analysis by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) program, AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) by Expert Choice program, frequency, average, percentages, Factor analysis etc. As a result of this research, selected housing welfare indicators are settled as follows: In the housing welfare aspect, 11 indicators in the department of 'Housing Satisfaction' and 11 indicators in the department of 'Community Satisfaction' (22 in total) are suggested. The indicators are 1) Water Supply and Distribution Equipment 2) Heating equipment 3) the size of the exclusive residential area 4) the number of rooms 5) Ventilation and Lighting 6) Sound Insulation (Indoor Noise) 7) Air Pollution/Odor 8) House Deposit 9) Rent Paid 10) Maintenance (Dwelling) Cost 11) The length of Occupation 12) Proximity to Welfare Facilities 13) Educational Environment 14) Convenience of Facilities (shops, hospitals etc.) 15) Convenience of Transportation and Commuting 16) Distance from Workplace 17) Landscape and Green Space (Tree, Flowers, Grass etc.) 18) Vandalism (Destruction Behavior, graffiti etc.) 19) Privacy 20) Noise in Public Places (Drinking, Loudly Talking etc.) 21) Safety from Crime 22) Safety from a Disaster. As of 2007, the housing welfare sentiment index is measured by the survey of 1,000 inhabitants in the public housing, which shows 3.51.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2017

국가 전략적 차원에서 전체 사회기반시설물에 대해 미래에 필요한 유지보수 예산 파악하는 것은 매우 중요한 부분이다. 그러나 현재 국내에서는 전체 대규모 시설물에 적용할 수 있는 유지보수비용 예측 기법이 거의 전무한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 현재 국내에서 가용한 자료와 적용 가능한 예측모델을 토대로 우리나라 전체 향후 SOC 시설물에 대한 향후 유지보수 투자 규모를 예측하였다. 실제 지출비용과 비교하여 가장 적합한 예측모델을 선정하고 관리주체에서 과거에 지출한 유지보수비용 자료를 이용하여 일부 모델은 개발하여 교량, 터널, 포장, 항만, 댐, 공항, 상수도, 하천, 항만 등의 사회기반시설물에 대한 최적의 미래 유지보수 비용을 산출하였다. 앞으로 10년간 총 비용예측결과, 8종의 사회기반시설물에 대하여 약 23조원이 필요한 것으로 나타났으며, 가장 비용이 크게 발생하는 시설물은 도로포장, 도로교량으로 나타났다.