• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.269-281
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• 2022

The prediction of changes regarding the distribution of vegetation and plant species according to climate changes is important for ecosystem management. In this study, we attempted to develop an assessment method to evaluate the possibility of the potential distribution of warm-temperate woody plant species of East Asia in Korea. To begin with, a list of warm-temperate woody plants distributed in China and Japan, but not in Korea, was prepared, and a database consisting their global distribution and bioclimatic variables was constructed. In addition, the warm-temperate vegetation zone in Korea was delineated using the coldness index and relevant bioclimatic data were collected. After the exclusion of multicollinearity among bioclimatic variables using correlation analysis, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, mean temperature diurnal range, and annual precipitation were selected as the major variables that influence the distribution of warm-temperate plants. A multivariate environment similarity surfaces (MESS) analysis was conducted to calculate the similarity scores between the distribution of these three bioclimatic variables in the global distribution sites of the East Asian warm-temperate woody plants and the Korean warm-temperate vegetation zone. Finally, using stepwise variable-selection regression, the mean temperature of the coldest quarter and annual precipitation were selected as the main bioclimatic variables that affect the MESS similarity index. The mean temperature of the coldest quarter accounted for 88% of the total variance. For a total of 319 East Asian warm-temperate woody plant species, the possibility of their potential distribution in Korea was evaluated by applying the constructed multivariate regression model that calculates the MESS similarity index.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.2 s.89
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• pp.149-163
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of human constitution adapting to environment. Human constitution adapting to climate zone is basically classified into four types: The $Af^{\ominus}$ constitution adapting to warm-humid climate, the $Aw^{\ominus}$ constitution adapting to warm-arid climate, the $Dw^{\oplus}$ constitution adapting to cold-arid climate and the $Df^{\oplus}$ constitution adapting to cold-humid climate. The ${\ominus}constitution$ can be changed into a ${\oplus}constitution$ by adapting to cold climate or by heredity combination with the ${\oplus}constitution$. The ${\oplus}constitution$ can be changed into a ${\ominus}constitution$ by adapting to warm climate or by heredity combination with the ${\ominus}constitution$. The four constitution types consequently can be classified into eight types: The $Af^{\ominus}$ constitution, the $Af^{\oplus}$ constitution, the $Aw^{\ominus}$ constitution, the $Aw^{\oplus}$ constitution, the $Dw^{\oplus}$ constitution, the $Dw^{\ominus}$ constitution, the $Df^{\oplus}$ constitution and the $Df^{\ominus}$ constitution. This study investigated the characteristics of fingers of people with these constitutions and confirmed that the fingers of the ${\ominus}constitution$ man are longer, slender and cooler than the fingers of the ${\oplus}constitution$ man.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.860-865
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• 2006

The traditional Korean Ondol System that is a radiant floor heating system was made as warm floor and cool indoor temperature. Nowaday, Ondol is developed as the hydronic floor heating system. But unbalance of floor temperature and indoor temperature is occurred bocause strengthen thermal insulation and airtightness in building changes thermal performance. To solve these problems, we examine actual indoor environment of heating system methods in existing apartments and present the new method of floor heating system. The existing heating system made definite indoor temperatures but floor temperatures that is $22^{\circ}C-26^{\circ}C$ was maintained. To solve these problems, we adopted the differential heating system which made warm area and cool area. A differential heating system was made different pitches of heating pipe in single zone and ratio of warm area to cool area is 1 to 2. As a result of experiments, warm area temperature is $40.7^{\circ}C$, cool area temperature is $36.1^{\circ}C$. A difference of temperature between both area is 4K. A distribution of indoor vertical temperature is similar to both warm area and cool area.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2000

Monthly mean chlorophyll concentration in the East Sea was estimated from the ocean color observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) on Nimbus-7 satellite which had performed various remote sensing missions from 1979 to 1986. The areas of high chlorophyll concentration were found in the sea between Siberia coast and Sakhalin Island, in the Donghan Bay and in the Ulleung Basin. In the southwestern East Sea, especially in the area near Ulleung Island, the yearly maximum chlorophyll concentration occurred in December. The chlorophyll concentration in Ulleung Basin in December was about two times higher than during spring bloom in April. The early winter bloom occurred in the warm side of the front that was formed between warm water from the East China Sea and nutrition rich cold water from the northern East Sea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 2012

This study suggests quantitative guidelines for inside clothing temperatures to improve the heat tolerance of 20's females in summer. First, the inside clothing temperatures ($T_{cl}$) of each subject was measured in daily use. The subjects were asked to record subjective thermal sensations, clothing items worn, clothing weight, and activities during an experiment designed to determine the comfort zone of $T_{cl}$. In a thermally neutral state, the comfort zone of $T_{cl}$ was decided on a mean value $T_{cl}{\pm}1{\sigma}$. Second, the subjects were asked to wear clothing that would enable them to feel 'slightly warm but still comfortable'. The rest of the processes were the same as previous steps that were designed to understand the way and degree of clothing control. The comfort zone of $T_{cl}$ was decided in the same manner as the previous step. The two comfort zones were combined and named the combined comfort zone of the definitive comfort zone. The results were as follows: 1. Thermally comfortable $T_{cl}$, Hcl were $34.0{\pm}1.1^{\circ}C$, $40{\pm}9%%RH$ and the thermally comfortable ambient climate was $25.0{\pm}1.6^{\circ}C$, $53{\pm}7%$RH. 2. When subjects were asked to wear 'slightly warm but still comfortable', there were difference in thermally comfortable $T_{cl}$, clothing weight and clothing layer by subject. 3. In this study, the optimal $T_{cl}$ was decided on the mid-point of the definitive comfort zone of $T_{cl}$.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.49-61
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• 1976

A survey was conducted on the vegetation of Judo and Gamagseum in warm temperate zone of Southern Korea. They are covered with natural vegetation, evergreen forest dominated with Castanopsis cuspiadata in Judo and Machilus thunbergii in Gamagseum. Judo is a small island, ca. 1.75 ha, located within the Wando port. Since the flora of Wando including the Judo was reported in 1924, some investigator have reported evergreen trees of Judo. But the list of plant species of Judo is still unavailable. Gamagseum, located at the 15km morth of Judo, is a small island, ca. 1.45 ha, cosisting of two islands, Dae-o-do and So-o-do in low tide, and the report of its flora and any other survery on its is almost none. The vegetatons of Judo and Gamagseum are an example of natural forest vegetation occured rarely in warm temperate zone because of human disturbance in the southern coast zone of the Korean Peninsula. However, the ecological study of those vegetation has not ever been made, and the ecological or plant geographical situations of their vegetation is not clear. To determine the vegetation type, listing of plant species in the islands, calculation of basal area of trees over DBH=4.5cm, Raunkiaer's life form, leaf size class, Pte.-Q and etc., were studied. Total plant species of Judo was 110 species and that of Gamagseum was 99 species. In Judo, Castanopsis cuspidata was 1384 individuals among 2359 individuals over DBH=4.5cm, and in Gamagseum, Machilus thunbergii was remarkably abundant and Castanopsis cuspidata could not be found.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.97-113
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• 2020

In-situ observations were carried out in April 2015 to investigate the occurrence of water temperature inversion in a region west of Jeju Island. Analysis of in-situ in the western part of Jeju island showed that cold water moved to the southeast from the surface to the middle layer and warm water moved from the middle to the lower layer of the northwest direction. The water temperature inversion occurred at 84 stations (63.1%) out of 133 stations. At the boundary of the water temperature inversion layer, it was formed in the middle layer and disappeared. In the strongly appearing, it started from the middle layer to the lower layer. The shape of the water temperature inversion layer was different. As a result of horizontal water temperature slope analysis of the water temperature inversion zone, maximum 0.23℃/km was obtained and the mean was 0.06℃/km. The role of water temperature inversion as an indicator to determine the formation of water front. As a result of the water mass analysis, Jeju Warm Current Water and Tsushima Warm Current Water of high temperature and high salt intruded from the middle to the bottom. In the middle layer occurred as the Yellow Sea Cold Water of low water temperature and low salinity expanded.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.473-486
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• 2013

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for Paryeongsan Zone in the Dadohaehaesang National Park incorporated in National Park in 2011. To do so, seventy-five plots($100m^2$) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed plots were divided into six groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; (I) Quercus acutissima community, (II) Q. serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii community, (III) Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, (IV) Q. variabilis community, (V) P. rigida-Q. variabilis-P. densiflora community, (VI) Chamaecyparis obtusa community. The results of vegetation structure analysis were. I, IICommunity, were expected that the deciduous oak trees with deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. III, VCommunity, were expected that the P. densiflora and P. rigida competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. IVCommunity, have expanded the influence of Q. variabilis, but understory will be developed next ecological succession by a high percentage of Machilus thunbergii in frequency of warm-temperate trees. VI Community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community were expected continue. This Chamaecyparis obtusa community is picked thinning Chamaecyparis obtusa as moving purpose of National Park, it will be inducement a plant vegetation succession to the natural forest. Frequency of warm-temperate trees in the Paryeongsan Zone of warm temperate climate zone was a total 9 species, Machilus thunbergii, Eurya japonica, Elaeagnus macrophylla, etc.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.47-58
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• 2012

This study was carried out to develop assessment model for the optimal site prediction of Dendropanax morbifera, Evergreen broad-leaved trees in warm temperate zone according to climate change. It was created criterion for assessment model of the optimal site prediction by quantification method to possible analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, through study relationship between growth of tree and site environmental factors. A program of the optimal site prediction was developed using program version 3.2, an Avenue and Dialog Designer tool of ESRI as GIS(geographic information system) engine. Developed program applied to test accuracy of the optimal site prediction in study area of Wando, Jeollanam-do, having a various evergreen broad-leaved trees of warm temperate zone. In the results from analysis of the optimal site prediction on Dendropanax morbifera, the characteristics of optimal site were analyzed site environmental features with 401~500m of altitude, $15^{\circ}$ of slope, hillside of local topography, alluvium of deposit type, convex of slope type and south of aspect. The mapping area per grade of the optimal site prediction in the Dendropanax morbifera showed 1,487.2ha(25.4%) of class I, 1,020.3ha(17.4%) of class II, 2,231.8ha(38.2%) of class III and 1,110.5ha(19.0%) of class IV.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 1959

1. The plant communities on Mt. Sulak, a typical alpine mountain in central Korea was researched from the standpoint of ecological survey. 2. The plant on this mountain can largely be classified into 2 categories, the warm zone (below 1100m) and the frigid zone. The former is again classified into a broad-leaved tree formation and a needle-leved tree formation, and the latter is calssified into a broad-leaved tree formation and needle-leaved tree formation, and shrub formation. 3. The broad-leaved tree formation in the warm zone can largely be classified into a Carpinus laxiflora-syringa Palibiniana var. kanibayashi association(1), a Carpinus erosa-Acer Pseudo-sieboldianun association(2), and a Quercus mongolica- Tripterygium Regelii association(3). 4. The needle-leaved tree formation in the warm zone can also largely ben classified into a Pinus densiflora- Miscanthus sinensis association(4), Abies holophylla- Tripterygium regelii association(5), Pinus kordiensis- Rhododendron schlippenbachii association(6) In the association(4), the canopy of the Pinus densiflora is gradually being occupied by the Quercus mongolica which is one kind of broad-leaved trees. 5. We can fully see a DryoPteris type of the flour layer plant type in the association (3) and also see a Sasamorpha type in the association (5). 6. The broad-leaved tree formation in the frigid zone can largely be classified into Quercus mongolica- Rhododendron schlippenbachii association (8). The constituents of tree and subtree layers in (7) and (8) associations are similar to those association (3), but the constituents of the shrub layer are different from those of associtation (3) due to the difference in height. 7. The needle-leaved formation in the frigid zone can largely be classified into Thuja koraiensisRodgersia podophylla var. viritis association (9) and Abies nephrolepis-Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes asscciation (10). The species of alpine plants or subalpine plants are gradually increased in this formation. 8. The shrub formation can also largely be classified into a Rhododendron mucronulatum- Patrinia saniculaefolia association (11) and Pinus pumila associatio (12). Association (12) has largely developed on the windy place. Association (12) was burned due to the bombing during the Korean war, but now we recoginized there occurred an invasion of Tripterygium Regelii in such a place. 9. The herb layer species which constitute the shrub formation are mostly alpine or subalpine plants of small size, and their kinds are also very few. 10. The growth of the Moss layer is especially good because of the varied conditions of the habitat. The kinds which can easily be seen are the genus of Thunidium, Haplocladium, Brachythecium, Macromitrium, Holonitrium, Atrichum, Schwstchkeopsis, Grimmia, Hedwigia, Rhynchostegium and Mnium. 11. The genus of the Sphagnum densly grows like a mat at the acid and moisturous place above 1100m. The authors should express their thanks to father. Yang Kisup, Dean of Catholic Medical College, Prof. Yoon Doksuen, from their valuable advice. Thanks arealso due to Prof. Numata, Chiba University, Prof. Takagi, Nagoya University and Prof. Ando, Hiroshima University in Japan for his kind help and identification of Bryophytes.