• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.27-35
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• 2005

This study is about finding out characteristic of recognition individual housing in seaside of Donghae. To accomplish this purpose, we survey the 150 houses related to the landscape. Thus the major analysis is to take basic data, such as image(modern, western, traditional, etc) about exterior form of housing corresponding to the landscape. The result summarized as follows First, the elements for the characteristic of recognition were exterior material finish, exterior color, roof type, roof material finish, window size, roof slope, area of wall vs roof. Second, the image of traditional housing was very insufficient to plan landscape of housing with design elements. This research suggests that landscape housing of future is to be environmental landscape design and the proper design is to be various considering not only user's preference but also control of landscape.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.75-87
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• 2018

A large number of low-rise buildings experienced serious roof covering failures under strong wind while few suffered structural damage. Clay and concrete tiles are two main kinds of roof covering. For the tile roof system, few researches were carried out based on Finite Element (FE) analysis due to the difficulty in the simulation of the interface between the tiles and the roof sheathing (the bonding materials, foam or mortar). In this paper, the FE analysis of a single clay or concrete tile with foam-set or mortar-set were built with the interface simulated by the equivalent nonlinear springs based on the mechanical uplift and displacement tests, and they were expanded into the whole roof. A detailed wind tunnel test was carried out at Tongji University to acquire the wind loads on these two kinds of roof tiles, and then the test data were fed into the FE analysis. For the purpose of validation and calibration, the results of FE analysis were compared with the full-scale performance ofthe tile roofs under simulated strong wind impact through one-of-a-kind Wall of Wind (WoW) apparatus at Florida International University. The results are consistent with the WoW test that the roof of concrete tiles with mortar-set provided the highest resistance, and the material defects or improper construction practices are the key factors to induce the roof tiles' failure. Meanwhile, the staggered setting of concrete tiles would help develop an interlocking mechanism between the tiles and increase their resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.79-85
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• 2007

This paper addresses the indoor air quality when radiant floor heating is applied in large space. Radiant heat exchange between surfaces depends on the orientation and the temperature of the surfaces. Also, the temperature and the radiant characteristic of the wall and the roof that face the floor have great influence on the indoor air environment due to the largeness of the wall and the roof in large spaces. In this study, we simulate a test-cell(25X20X10) using a ies YE And using a CFD(microflo in VE), an indoor air environment was investigated to establish the optimum temperature of floor. At the first time of the heating, high floor temperature is demanded. At the middle of the heating, however, the temperature of the residential space was formed appropriately, although the temperature of the floor was set low.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.21-31
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• 2021

This paper studied the Pingzuo(平坐) platform structure of the two story building covered with one roof during the early period of Tang dynasty, based on wall paintings, stone pagodas, brick buildings and wooden buildings might be influenced by the Tang style. Instead of Chazhuzao(叉柱造), the typical column linkage in the Song, Liao and Jin buildings, it put the boundary column just behind the wall of a bracket set. Otherwise, the column root might be seen from outside, because its bracket set was still using Touxinzao(偸心造) which did not have a lateral arm on it. And its flooring structure was also different from the Song style, it used cantilever beams instead of lateral beams supported by bracket sets.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate expression characteristics of korean traditionality in restaurants & Ccfes which adapted thatched roof & shingle-roofed house. As a method of this study, a case study was made to investigate for exterior and interior elements(roof type, facade, floor, wall, ceiling, door & window) of 12 restaurants & cafes in Seoul and Kyunggi Province from June 10, 2013 to December 1, 2013. The results of this study were as follows: First, traditional transformation was mostly used among the traditional expression methods. But, there was not many traditional reinterpretation method. Second, looking at each component, traditional reproduction method mostly used for roof, column and ceiling to emphasize facade. Traditional transformation method can be divided into 3 ways in detail. The first method is mixing materials of modern and traditional, and the second one is transforming traditional material and combining this with modern one. The third is removing traditional material completely and transforming totally into modern materials. Third, traditional high quality noble houses are found in luxurious Korean restaurants and luxurious cafes while common houses are found in local food restaurant and cafes. It is because traditional common houses are still considered as low quality of design and it may prevent common houses from becoming high quality of design.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.2 s.15
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• pp.29-48
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• 1998

The first Pagoda of Korea was introduced from China, and adapted from the wooden multi-storied pavilion. Also in Bronze one, multi-storied type of wooden pagoda was adapted. Bronze pagoda was used to buddhist ossuary and a kind of metalwork. Metalworks were made of gold, silver, copper, or iron by one of the methods of production-casting or hammering and decorated design of incision, raise, openwork, gold- plating or inlaying with gold and silver. Sometimes it was used as the easy carriage of Buddha image by guess. In most cases, the plan of Bronze pagoda was square and podium was one story. but in the advance of podium two-storied platform appeared. Column appeared in a symbol, so it didn't appear in a square and circular form. It means that the column was vertical member which only divided the wall. In koryo period, Gabled roof and Half-hipped roof was spreaded in public but Bronze pagoda was used to square Hipped roof. Vertical shaft over roof(上輪部), apart from body of pagoda(塔身部), was inserted on the hole above the Bokbal(覆鉢) for the balance of pagoda. And a thick iron bar put in the roof to the platform. It was sustained the balance of pagoda. The stories of pagoda were various from 3rd stories to 9, the lower stories was larger scale and the higher was smaller one.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.255-268
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• 2019

Taking top-coal caving mining face (TCCMF) as research object, this paper considers the combination of top-coal and immediate roof as cushion layer to build the solution model of support resistance based on the theory of elastic foundation beam. Meanwhile, the physical and mechanical properties of coal-rock combination influencing on strata behaviors is explored. The results illustrate that the subsidence of main roof in coal wall increases and the first weighting interval decreases with the increase of top-coal and immediate roof thicknesses as well as the decrease of top-coal and immediate roof elastic modulus. Moreover, the overlying strata reflecting on support has negative and positive relationship with top-coal thickness and immediate roof thickness, respectively. However, elastic modulus has limit influence on the dead weight of top-coal and immediate roof. As a result, it has similar roles on the increase of total support resistance and overlying strata reflecting on support in the limit range of roof control distance. In view of sensitive analysis causing the change of total support resistance, it can be regards as the rank of three components as immediate roof weight > overlying strata reflecting on support > top coal weight. Finally, combined with the monitoring data of support resistance in Qingdong 828, the validity of support resistance determined based on elastic foundation beam is demonstrated, and this method can be recommended to adopt for support type selecting in TCCMF.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.527-534
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• 1998

Excavation of underground openings changes stress distribution around the opening. The survey of this disturbed zone in excavation is very important to design and construct underground facilities, such as tunnel, gas and oil storage, power plant and disposal site of high- and low-level radioactive wastes. This paper presents a zoning of rock masses with tunnel excavation using PS logging. Compressional and shear wave velocities are measured in boreholes drilled in the tunnel wall, which was constructed with blasting and/or machine excavation. The disturbed zone in excavation can be estimated by comparing PS logging data with a tomographic image of compressional wave velocity and compressional and shear wave velocities of core samples. In the side wall of tunnel, the disturbed zone reaches 1.5 m and 1.0 m in thickness for blocks of blasting and machine excavations, respectively. In the roof of tunnel, however, the disturbed zone is 1.0 m and 0.75 m thick for the two blocks. These results show that the width of the disturbed zone is larger in the side wall of tunnel than in the roof, and 1.3 to 1.5 times larger for the blasting excavation than for the machine excavation.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2006

The purposes of this study are to find out the current status and features of earth housing, and to explore users' level of satisfaction and needs of improvement about earth housing. Primary findings are as follows: (1) The area of earth housing is generally 25-34 pyong and the construction cost of earth housing is usually 3,000,000-3,400,000 won per pyong. (2) The age of earth house users is generally forties, fifties, and sixties. And their occupation is usually retiree and farmer. The age of earth based pension users is generally twenties and thirties. (3) The construction method of earth housing is usually earth brick structure reinforced with wood structure and earth brick structure(adobe). (4) The finish of outer wall is generally earth brick laying and earth plaster. And the finish of inner wall is usually wall paper and earth plaster. Roof tile and asphalt shingle is frequently observed as roof finish. (5) Users' satisfaction about earth housing is investigated high level. Especially, the satisfaction degrees about faculty of humidity control, stink elimination, prevention from sick house syndrome, support for psychological stabilization and deep sleep are observed very highly. (6) Reduction of construction cost and prevention of crack is investigated as needs of improvement about earth housing.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.93-115
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• 2013

This paper describes a study of the influence of a dynamically flexible building structure on pressures inside and net pressures on the roof of low-rise buildings with a dominant opening. It is shown that dynamic interaction between the flexible roof and the internal pressure results in a coupled system that is similar to a two-degree-of-freedom mechanical system consisting of two mass-spring-damper systems with excitation forces acting on both the masses. Two resonant modes are present, the natural frequencies of which can readily be obtained from the model. As observed with quasi-static building flexibility, the effect of increased dynamic flexibility is to reduce the first natural frequency as well as the corresponding peak value of the admittance, the latter being the result of increased damping effects. Consequently, it is found that the internal and net roof pressure fluctuations (RMS coefficients) are also reduced with dynamic flexibility. This model has been validated from experiments conducted using a cylindrical model with a leeward end flexible diaphragm, whereby good match between predicted and measured natural frequencies, and trends in peak admittances and RMS responses with flexibility, were obtained. Furthermore, since significant differences exist between internal and net roof pressure responses obtained from the dynamic flexibility model and those obtained from the quasi-static flexibility model, it is concluded that the quasi-static flexibility assumption may not be applicable to dynamically flexible buildings. Additionally, since sensitivity analyses reveal that the responses are sensitive to both the opening loss coefficient and the roof damping ratio, careful estimates should therefore be made to these parameters first, if predictions from such models are to have significance to real buildings.