• 대기
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.341-351
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• 2022

Recently, interest in the possibility of a washout effect using artificial rain enhancement technology to reduce high-concentration fine dust is growing. Therefore, in this study, the reduction rate of PM₁₀ concentration according to the amount of artificial rain enhancement was calculated during Asian Dust event which occurred over the Korean Peninsula on March 29, 2021 using air quality model [i.e., Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ)] combined with the mesoscale model for artificial rain enhancement (i.e., WRF-MMS). According to WRF-MMS, the washout effect lasted 5 hours, and the maximum precipitation rate was calculated to be 1.5 mm hr^-1. According the CMAQ results, the PM₁₀ reduction rate was up to 22%, and the affected area was calculated to be 6.4 times greater than that of the artificial rain enhancement area. Even if the maximum amount of precipitation per hour is lowered to 0.8 mm hr^-1 (about 50% level), the PM₁₀ reduction rate appears to be up to 16%. In other words, it is believed that this technique can be used as a direct method for reducing high-concentration fine dust even when the artificial rain enhancement effect is weak.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.259-271
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• 2015

This study conducted analyses on biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emission sources contributing to urban ozone ($O_3$) concentration in Osaka Prefecture, Japan in summer 2010 by using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) version 3.5.1 and the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) version 5.0.1. This prefecture is characterized by highly urbanized area with small forest area. The contributions of source regions surrounding Osaka were estimated by comparing the baseline case and zero-out cases for BVOC emissions from each source region. The zero-out emission runs showed that the BVOC emissions substantially contributed to urban $O_3$ concentration in Osaka (10.3 ppb: 15.9% of mean daily maximum 1-h $O_3$ concentration) with day-by-day variations of contributing source regions, which were qualitatively explained by backward trajectory analyses. Although $O_3$ concentrations were especially high on 23 July and 2 August 2010, the contribution of BVOC on 23 July (35.4 ppb: 25.6% of daily maximum $O_3$) was much larger than that on 2 August (20.9 ppb: 14.2% of daily maximum $O_3$). To investigate this difference, additional zero-out cases for anthropogenic VOC (AVOC) emissions from Osaka and for VOC emissions on the target days were performed. On 23 July, the urban $O_3$ concentration in Osaka was dominantly increased by the transport from the northwestern region outside Osaka with large contribution of $O_3$ that was produced through BVOC reactions by the day before and was retained over the nocturnal boundary layer. On 2 August, the concentration was dominantly increased by the local photochemical production inside Osaka under weak wind condition with the particularly large contribution of AVOC emitted from Osaka on the day.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.513-525
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• 2016

To propose an effective ensemble methods in predicting $PM_{10}$ concentration, six experiments were designed by different ensemble average methods (e.g., non-weighted, single weighted, and cluster weighted methods). The single weighted method was calculated the weighted value using both multiple regression analysis and singular value decomposition and the cluster weighted method was estimated the weighted value based on temperature, relative humidity, and wind component using multiple regression analysis. The effects of ensemble average methods were significantly better in weighted average than non-weight. The results of ensemble experiments using weighted average methods were distinguished according to methods calculating the weighted value. The single weighted average method using multiple regression analysis showed the highest accuracy for hourly $PM_{10}$ concentration, and the cluster weighted average method based on relative humidity showed the highest accuracy for daily mean $PM_{10}$ concentration. However, the result of ensemble spread analysis showed better reliability in the single weighted average method than the cluster weighted average method based on relative humidity. Thus, the single weighted average method was the most effective method in this study case.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.159-173
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• 2017

The Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) - Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) system was applied to investigate the influence of major point sources located in Chungcheongnam-do (CN) on surface $PM_{2.5}$ (Particulate Matter of which diameter is $2.5{\mu}m$ or less) concentrations in its surrounding areas. Uncertainties associated with contribution estimations were examined through cross-comparison of modeling results using various combinations of model inputs and setups; two meteorological datasets developed with WRF for 2010 and 2014, and two domestic emission inventories for 2010 and 2013 were used to estimate contributions of major point sources in CN. The results show that contributions of major point sources in CN to annual $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations over Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi, and CN ranged $0.51{\sim}1.63{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.71{\sim}1.62{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.63{\sim}1.66{\mu}g/m^3$, and $1.04{\sim}1.86{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, depending on meteorology and emission inventory choice. It indicates that the contributions over the surrounding areas can be affected by model inputs significantly. Nitrate was the most dominant $PM_{2.5}$ component that was increased by major point sources in CN followed by sulfate, ammonium, and others. Based on the model simulations, it was estimated that primary $PM_{2.5}$ $(PPM)-to-PM_{2.5}$ conversion rates were 41.3~50.7 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for CN, and 12.4~18.3 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi, respectively. In addition, spatial gradients of PPM contributions show very steep trends. $NO_X$-to-nitrate conversion rates were 7.61~12.3 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for CN, and 3.94~11.3 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for the sub-regions in the SMA. $SO_2$-to-sulfate conversion rates were 4.04~5.28 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for CN, and 3.73~4.43 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for the SMA, respectively.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.613-626
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• 2023

This study investigates the impact of increased adoption of eco-friendly vehicles on ozone (O₃) concentrations in South Korea, utilizing the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model. In the summer of 2017 (June-August), we conducted two experiments: a BASE experiment, representing baseline emissions, and an R_30 experiment, involving a 30% emission reduction due to eco-friendly vehicles. The contrast between these experiments reveals that, while most air pollutants decreased with reduced vehicle emissions, O₃ concentrations surprisingly increased (up to 2.1 parts per billion) across South Korea. A further examination of O₃ concentration changes was conducted by analyzing daytime and nighttime variations as well as wind direction. During the daytime, O₃ concentrations notably rose near metropolitan areas due to reduced O₃ titration (O₃ + NO → O₂ + NO₂) resulting from emission reductions. At nighttime, O₃ concentrations exhibited a greater increase, attributed to the transport of daytime-generated O₃ to rural regions. Notably, the impact of reduced emissions in metropolitan areas on O₃ concentrations in downwind areas varied depending on the prevailing wind direction. These findings highlight that the promotion of eco-friendly vehicles, though effective in lowering certain air pollutants, might not directly influence O₃ concentrations. This study underscores the need to comprehensively understand the complicated chemistry of O₃ to develop effective strategies for air quality management.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

Increasing ozone concentrations are observed over Japan from year to year. One cause of high ozone concentration in the Kanto region, which includes areas inland from large coastal cities such as metropolitan Tokyo, is the transportation of precursors by sea breezes. However, high ozone concentrations are also observed in the morning, before sea breezes approach inland areas. In this point, there would be a possibility of residual ozone existing above the nocturnal boundary layer affects the ozone concentration in the following morning. In this study, we utilized the Weather Research and Forecasting model and the Community Multiscale Air Quality model to evaluate the effect of regional precursors and residual ozone on ozone concentrations over the inland Kanto region. The results show that precursors emitted from non-metropolitan areas affected inland ozone concentrations more than did precursors from metropolitan areas. Moreover, calculated results indicate downward transportation of residual ozone, resulting in increased concentration. The residual ozone was also affected by precursors emitted from non-metropolitan areas.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.456-471
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• 2015

배출량 자료는 대기질 수치모의에 있어서 큰 영향을 주는 요소로서 정확한 대기질 수치모의를 위해서 배출량 자료의 정확성과 신뢰도 향상은 대기질 모델 연구에 있어 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 울산지역을 대상으로 2003년과 2010년 CAPSS 배출량 자료인 CAPSS-2003과 CAPSS-2010를 입력자료로 하여 WRF-CMAQ 모델을 수행하여 울산지역 배출량 지료의 타당성을 검토하였다. 우선 오염물질의 장거리 수송 영향을 배제하기 위하여 울산지역 자체 내의 배출량 영향이 우세한 종관 기상조건을 가진 사례일을 선정하고 선정된 사례일에 대해서 WRF-CMAQ모델을 수행한 후 그 결과인 CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, $PM_{10}$ 농도와 관측 값을 비교하여, 과소 혹은 과대 모의되는 정도를 분석하여 모의결과를 보정 할 수 있는 'scaling factor'를 제시하였다. 그 결과 CAPSS-2003을 이용한 모의결과는 CO와 $NO_2$에 대해서는 관측과 유사한 수준으로 모의하였으나 $SO_2$는 약 12배 과대모의, $PM_{10}$은 약 27배나 과소모의하는 결과를 얻었다. 반면 CAPSS-2010을 이용한 모의결과에서는 CO와 $NO_2$의 모의결과는 유사하였으며, $SO_2$는 약 2배 과대모의, $PM_{10}$은 약 5배 과소모의 하여 $SO_2$와 $PM_{10}$ 배출량이 상당히 개선됨을 확인하였다. $SO_2$와 $PM_{10}$ 역시 이전 보다는 관측에 가깝게 모의되었으나 현실적 모델링 결과를 도출하기 위해서 배출량은 향후 개선되어야 할 부분으로 판단되었다. 따라서 보다 현실적인 모델링 결과를 도출하기 위해서는 본 연구에서 제시한 울산지역 배출량의 'scaling factor'를 이용하면 보다 안정된 모델링 결과가 도출 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.183-200
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 지상 $PM_{2.5}$ 측정 자료와 일기도 자료, WRF 및 CMAQ 모델을 활용하여 동북아시아 지역의 계절별 $PM_{2.5}$ 거동특성을 분석하였으며, 대기질 모델에 BFM을 적용하여 우리나라 $PM_{2.5}$ 농도에 대한 계절별 국내외 기여도를 평가하였다. 일기도 자료를 기반으로 국내 $PM_{2.5}$ 측정 자료 및 대기질 모사결과를 통해 $PM_{2.5}$의 거동특성을 분석한 결과, 동북아 지역에서의 $PM_{2.5}$는 장거리 수송된 대기오염 물질의 유입 및 대기정체 현상에 기인한 농도의 증가 또는 깨끗한 공기의 유입에 따른 농도의 감소 등의 특징이 계절별 종관기상 특성에 따라 상이하게 나타났다. 대기질 모델에 BFM (Brute-Force Method)을 적용하여 우리나라 6개 집중측정소 지점의 $PM_{2.5}$ 농도에 대한 국내외 기여도 평가를 수행한 결과, 백령도 지역은 낮은 자체 배출량과 동시에 중국으로부터 인접한 지리적 특성으로 인해 국외로부터의 기여가 지배적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 서울, 울산과 같이 높은 자체 배출량 특성을 나타내는 지역의 경우, $PM_{2.5}$에 대한 국외 기여도는 타 지역에 비해 상대적으로 낮게 나타남과 동시에 계절에 따른 기여도의 표준편차는 상대적으로 높게 나타나는 특징을 보였다. 본 연구는 우리나라를 중심으로 계절별 기상조건 변화에 따른 동북아 지역의 $PM_{2.5}$ 거동특성을 분석하여 국내 대기오염물질 현상에 대한 이해를 증진함과 동시에, 지역 배출특성에 따라 $PM_{2.5}$ 농도에 대한 국내외 기여도는 상이할 수 있음을 알려 향후 대기질 개선 대책 수립시 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2014

In winter 2013, extreme air pollution by fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) in China attracted much public attention. In order to simulate the $PM_{2.5}$ pollution, the Community Multiscale Air Quality model driven by the Weather Research and Forecasting model was applied to East Asia in a period from 1 January 2013 to 5 February 2013. The model generally reproduced $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in China with emission data in the year 2006. Therefore, the extreme $PM_{2.5}$ pollution seems to be mainly attributed to meteorological (weak wind and stable) conditions rather than emission increases in the past several years. The model well simulated temporal and spatial variations in $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in Japan as well as China, indicating that the model well captured characteristics of the $PM_{2.5}$ pollutions in both areas on the windward and leeward sides in East Asia in the study period. In addition, contribution rates of four anthropogenic emission sectors (power generation, industrial, residential and transportation) in China to $PM_{2.5}$ concentration were estimated by conducting zero-out emission sensitivity runs. Among the four sectors, the residential sector had the highest contribution to $PM_{2.5}$ concentration. Therefore, the extreme $PM_{2.5}$ pollution may be also attributed to large emissions from combustion for heating in cold regions in China.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2018

This study aims to evaluate the performance of the Air Quality Model (AQM) for the seasonal and spatial distribution of the $NH_3$ concentration in the atmosphere. To obtain observational data for the model validation, observations based on biweekly sampling have been conducted using passive samplers since April 2015 at multiple monitoring sites in the Tokyo metropolitan area. AQM, built based on WRF/CMAQ, was applied to predict the $NH_3$ concentration observed from April 2015 to March 2016. The simulation domain includes the Kanto region, which is the most densely populated area in Japan. Because the area also contains large amount of livestock, especially in its northern part, the density of the $NH_3$ emissions derived from human activities and agriculture there are estimated to be the highest in Japan. In the model validation, the model overestimated the observed $NH_3$ concentration in the summer season and underestimated it in the winter season. In particular, the overestimation in the summer was remarkable at a rural site (Komae) in Tokyo. It was found that the overestimation at Komae was caused by the transportation of $NH_3$ emitted in the northern part of the Kanto region during the night. It is suggested that the emission input used in this study overestimated the $NH_3$ emission from human sources around the Tokyo suburbs and agricultural sources in the northern part of the Kanto region in the summer season. In addition, the current emission inventories might overestimate the difference of the agricultural $NH_3$ emissions among seasons. Because the overestimation of $NH_3$ in the summer causes an overestimation of $NO_3{^-}$ in $PM_{2.5}$ in the AQM simulation, further investigation is necessary for the seasonal variation in the $NH_3$ emissions.