• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.278-286
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• 2018

Food intake and swallowing are complicated and intriguing series of movements involving voluntary and involuntary activities of cranial and spinal nerves and muscles. They have two most important functions, that is, food passage from the oral cavity to stomach and airway protection. Tongue, buccinators, and hyoid bone and its muscular attachments are anatomic structures for swallowing of special interests. The swallowing process of liquid is commonly divided into oral preparatory, oral propulsive, pharyngeal, and esophageal stages according to the location of the bolus. The movement of the food in the oral cavity and to the oropharynx differs between eating solid food and drinking liquid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.769-773
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• 1998

Genetic advances, changes in housing systems and new management strategies have made it necessary to thoroughly review conventional nutritional programs. The approach has changed from one of feeding to permit gradual depletion of fat and protein tissues to one of feeding to maintain long-term nutritional balance. Increasingly the sow is viewed as a dynamic system that can be described by a mathematical model. There is opportunity to improve the initial models through research to provide a better understanding of metabolism and key physiological events in the sow's reproductive life. Direct experimentation remains a very important tool for defining nutritional requirements. Recent data supports increases in amino acid recommendations during lactation. Voluntary feed intake remains an intractable problem during lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) crude oils (EuO) supplementation on voluntary feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics in swamp buffaloes. Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes, body weight (BW) of $420{\pm}15.0$ kg, were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were untreated rice straw (RS) without EuO (T1) and with EuO (T2) supplementation, and 3% urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) without EuO (T3) and with EuO (T4) supplementation. The EuO was supplemented at 2 mL/h/d in respective treatment. Experimental animals were kept in individual pens and concentrate mixture was offered at 3 g/kg BW while roughage was fed ad libitum. Total dry matter and roughage intake, and apparent digestibilites of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were improved (p<0.01) by UTRS. There was no effect of EuO supplementation on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. Ruminal pH and temperature were not (p>0.05) affected by either roughage sources or EuO supplementation. However, buffaloes fed UTRS had higher ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen as compared with RS. Total volatile fatty acid and butyrate proportion were similar among treatments, whereas acetate was decreased and propionate molar proportion was increased by EuO supplementation. Feeding UTRS resulted in lower acetate and higher propionate concentration compared to RS. Moreover, supplementation of EuO reduced methane production especially in UTRS treatment. Protozoa populations were reduced by EuO supplementation while fungi zoospores remained the same. Total, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterial populations were increased (p<0.01) by UTRS; However, EuO supplementation did not affect viable bacteria. Nitrogen intake and in feces were found higher in buffaloes fed UTRS. A positive nitrogen balance (absorption and retention) was in buffaloes fed UTRS. Supplementation of EuO did not affect nitrogen utilization. Both allantoin excretion and absorption and microbial nitrogen supply were increased by UTRS whereas efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar in all treatments. Findings of present study suggested that EuO could be used as a feed additive to modify the rumen fermentation in reducing methane production both in RS and UTRS. Feeding UTRS could improve feed intake and efficiency of rumen fermentation in swamp buffaloes. However, more research is warranted to determine the effect of EuO supplementation in production animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1249-1254
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• 2000

A study was conducted to evaluate the replacement value of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium as nitrogen sources in commercial type supplements for dairy goats. Six crossbred $(Toggenburg{\times}Saanen)$ goats at late stage of lactation were allocated to three dietary treatments in a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The animals were offered rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay ad libitum and supplemented with either Leucaena-based concentrate (LBC), Gliricidia-based concentrate (GBC) or commercial based concentrate (CC). Voluntary food intake, milk yield and composition and changes in live weight were measured. The total dry matter (DM) intake was higher (p<0.05) in goats fed GBC than CC (1385 vs 1331 g/d). The DM intake for LBC (1343 g/d) was similar to CC (1331 g/d). The DM intake of hay was also higher (p<0.05) in goats fed GBC (834 g/d) than those receiving LBC or CC (789, 782 g/d, respectively). Animals supplemented with GBC recorded positive (11 g/d) weight gain while the other groups lost weight (13, 19 g/d) for LBC and CC respectively, although these differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The composition of milk were: butterfat 58, 49 and 55 g/kg; crude protein 37.0, 35.4 and 36.1 g/kg; lactose 33, 29 and 30 g/kg; Ash 8.5, 8.5 and 7.9 g/kg and total solids 136.5, 121.9 and 129.0 g/kg, for goats fed LBC, GBC and CC respectively. There were no differences in the composition of milk due to these dietary treatments. At the end of performance trial, a digestibility trial was conducted using 6 female goats allocated to the three treatments (LBC, GBC and CC) in an incomplete randomized block design and each goat received a different supplement in each of two successive periods. There were no differences in nutrient digestibility except for DM, which was higher (p<0.05) in CC compared to the other treatments (615, 622, 720 g/kg for LBC, GBC and CC, respectively). Economic analysis showed that CC diet was more expensive (0.20 US$/kg) and had a lower margin over supplementation (0.11 US$) compared to LBC and GBC (0.13 vs 0.12 US$/kg and 01.5 vs 0.12 US$, respectively). It is concluded that the Leucaena and Gliricidia could contribute as nitrogen sources in compounded diet supplements without any detrimental effects on production in dairy goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.817-823
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• 2000

Four groups of six growing gilts each were fed ad libitum diets composed of cereals and soyabean (SBM) or rapeseed (RSM) meal and containing two levels of crude protein: high - 18.0% (RSM-H) and 16.9% (SBM-H) or low - 15.6% (RSM-L) and 15.1% (SBM-L). The diets were balanced by supplementation with crystalline amino acids and contained apparent ileal digestible lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan in proportions (1.00:0.32:0.57:0.18) according to CVB (1995). Voluntary feed intake, weight gain and slaughter and chemical body composition of animals were assessed. Protein and energy balances from 25 to 70 kg body weight were calculated by the comparative slaughter method. Protein source had a significant effect on voluntary feed intake; it was 0.12 kg/d lower in pigs fed the SBM than RSM-diets. Pigs fed on the SBM-L diet consumed the least amount of feed (2.17 kg). Daily gain (average, $900{\pm}12.59g$) and feed conversion ratio ($2.54{\pm}0.04kg/kg$) were not statistically affected by source (SMB and RSM) and protein level (high and low). In empty body similar amounts (g/kg) of protein (163 g), water (635 g) and ash (28 g) were found. However, pigs fed the RSM-L diet were fatter than those fed the SBM-L diet (188 vs. 161 g/kg). No statistical differences were observed in daily protein deposition, which on average amounted to $142{\pm}11g$, or carcass characteristics. An improvement of crude protein utilization by 6.3 percentage units was found by decreasing the protein concentration in the diets. Heat production in the body was not significantly affected by the treatments.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.170-179
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• 2003

목적 : 침(鍼)은 정신이상 및 약물중독과 같은 많은 기능상의 장애질환을 치료, 조정하는데 널리 쓰이고 있으며, 중추신경계에서 생화학적인 균형을 유지하는데 기여한다고 밝혀져 있다. 동물 연구에서 코카인의 강화 및 민감화 특성과 중추의 도파민 활성과의 관련 가능성이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 약물중독 치료에 이용할 수 있는 침의 효과를 규명하기 위하여 침자극 후 급성 코카인 투여에 의한 도파민 유리 및 자발적 코카인 섭취량에 미치는 침자극의 효과를 측정하였다. 방법 : 웅성 SD 쥐에 코카인 (1mg/kg, i.v.)의 주사 직전 양측의 신문혈(HT7)을 1분간 침자극 한 후, 측핵내 세포외액의 도파민 및 대사산물의 함량변화를 미세투석법을 이용하여 HPLC로 분석하였다. 침자극 후 two-bottle, free choice protocol을 이용하여 자발적 코카인 섭취량의 변화를 관찰하였다. 별도의 쥐를 이용하여 1회 동량의 코카인 정맥주사하고 2주간의 철회를 거친 다음 two-bottle, free choice protocol을 실시하여 자발적 코카인 섭취량과 급성 코카인 투여 후 측핵 중 도파민유리증가율 사이의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 결과 : 신문혈(HT7) 자침이 코카인 1회 주사 후에 유도된 도파민 증가를 대조혈(내관혈(PC6), 또는 꼬리)에 비해 유의하게 억제하였으며 two-bottle choice protocol에 의한 동물의 자발적 코카인 섭취량을 억제하였다. 아울러 자발적 코카인 섭취량과 급성 코카인 투여 후 측핵 중 도파민유리증가율 사이에는 상관관계가 있었다. 결론 : 본 실험결과 침자극에 의해 자발적 코카인 섭취량이 억제되는 것은 측핵에서의 도파민 유리억제에 의해 중개되는 것으로 보여지므로 침자극은 코카인중독과 같은 약물의 중독치료에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.639-646
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• 2015

The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation ($6.6{\times}10^8cfu$) and anhydrous ammonia treatment (3%) of wheat straw (WS) were investigated on in-situ dry matter (DM) degradability, and on rumen fermentation and growth performance of lambs. Rumen-fistulated Menemen sheep fed a diet with and without live yeast were used to assess the DM degradability characteristics of WS and ammonia-treated wheat straw ($WS_{NH3}$). Twenty-six yearling Menemen male lambs were fed in four groups. Lambs of control group (WS) received untreated WS without supplemental yeast, whereas other three groups were fed WS treated with anhydrous ammonia ($WS_{NH3}$ group), untreated WS and yeast (WS+YEAST group) or WS treated with anhydrous ammonia and yeast ($WS_{NH3}$+YEAST group). Supplemented live yeast (4 g/d) was added in the diet. Lambs were offered untreated or ammonia treated WS ad-libitum and concentrate was fed at 1% of live body weight. The degradability of the water-insoluble (fraction B) was significantly increased by all of the treatment groups. Potential degradability (A+B), effective DM degradability's (pe2, pe5, and pe8) and average daily weight gain increased only in $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST group (p<0.05). Voluntary DM intake was not increased by the treatments (p>0.05), but voluntary metabolizable energy and crude protein intake were increased by $WS_{NH3}$ and by $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST (p<0.05). Average daily rumen pH was not affected by any of the treatments, but average daily $NH_3$-N was significantly higher in the $WS_{NH3}$ and $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST groups, and total volatile fatty acids were significantly higher in the WS+YEAST and $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST groups. In conclusion, the improvement of feed value of WS was better by the combination of ammonia-treatment and yeast supplementation compared to either treatment alone.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the amounts of voluntary intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats (KNG) fed agricultural by-products containing rice straw (RS) and apple pomace (AP) and to obtain a basic information for establishing the feeding system of KNG. The result are as follows. 1. Among the chemical composition of experimental diets, the highest values in crude protein (CP ; 18.6%) and crude ash contents (10.7%) were observed in alfalfa hay. Those of RS+AP treatment were significantly low 6.0 and 4.8%, respecitively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents were shown an adverse tendency. 2. Dry matter (DM) intakes per day in KNG fed RS+commercial diet (CD), RS+AP and RS+AP+CD were significantly lower (P<0.05) 210.3, 228.3, respectively than 358.1g in alfalfa hay. 3. DM intakes per basal weight expressed as DM g/kg of BW0.75 and DM g/kg of BW(%) were highest (P<0.05) 60.5g and 3.3%, respectively in KNG fed alfalfa hay, any other treatments showed 35.6 to 42.5g and 2.0 to 2.3%, respectively and this result was similar to those of DM intake per day. 4. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, CP, ADF, neutral detergent fiber (NDF). crude ash and ether extract in alfalfa hay and RS+AP+CD treatment were significantly higher (P<0.05) than RS+CD treatment. Those of CP, ADF and NDF of RS+AP treatment in not significantly different with these treatments. 5. NSC digestibility was higher in alfalfa hay (66.7%) than those of other treatments (44.2~52.0% ; P<0.05). 6. Nitrogen retentions expressed as N retention(g) and N retention (%) in KNG were highest (P<0.05) 0.6g and 15.6%, respectively in RS+AP+CD treatment and RS+CD treatment was lowest (P<0.05) -06g and -21.4%, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.649-660
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• 2005

The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and buffered propionic acid on preservation, intake and digestibility of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and timothy (Phleum pratense) hay were investigated. During baling, forages were treated with L. buchneri 40788 (1.2${\times}$10$^6$ CFU/g) as a liquid (LLB) or as a granular preparation (GLB), with buffered propionic acid (10 mL/kg, BPA), or left untreated (control). Triplicate 500 kg round bales of each treatment were put up at two moisture levels for each forage: 17%${\pm}$0.33% and 20%${\pm}$0.30% for timothy and 17%${\pm}$0.20% and 19%${\pm}$0.27% for alfalfa (mean${\pm}$SD). Bales were sampled for chemical and microbiological analyses after 0, 30 and 60 d of storage. Compared to controls, all preservatives reduced (p<0.05) heating of both forages at all moisture levels with the exception of alfalfa baled at 19% moisture. After 60 d of storage, GLB reduced (p<0.05) moulds in 17% timothy hay as compared to other treatments, but at 20% moisture, moulds were reduced in LLB- and BPA-treated timothy as compared to controls. In alfalfa at 17% moisture, total bacteria were lower (p<0.05) in GLB-treated bales than LLB or control bales, but yeast and total bacteria were only reduced in BPA-treated alfalfa at 19% moisture. In situ DM disappearance of timothy (both moisture levels) and alfalfa (19% moisture level) increased (p<0.05) with LLB treatment compared to control. Digestibility of both forages did not differ (p>0.05) among treatments, however, voluntary DM intake of LLB-treated timothy (1.32 kg/d) was 22.3% higher (p<0.05) than control, and 14.1% higher than BPA-treated timothy. Treating timothy and alfalfa hay with L. buchneri 40788 or buffered propionic acid may improve the nutritive value of the hay when baled at 17 to 20% moisture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1681-1688
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• 2004

Soaked and pasteurised wheat straw was inoculated with five species of Pleurotus fungi (coded P-21, P-30, P-41, P-60 and P-90), packed in polyethylene bags and incubated in a fermentation chamber for 21 days. The chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability of the treated and untreated straw were estimated using a complete randomised design consisting of six treatments and four replicates. In a feeding trial, in vivo digestibility and voluntary intake were determined in bulls, using a $3{\times}3$change over design. Dietary treatments were: 1) untreated wheat straw (UWS) as control; 2) fungal treated (P-41) wheat straw before mushroom formation (FTWS); 3) spent wheat straw (SPWS) after mushrooms were harvested. Apart from P-90, fungal treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased the crude protein (CP) and reduced the cell wall components of the straw. The in vitro dry mater and organic mater digestibility significantly (p<0.05) increased in the treated straw particularly with the treatments of P-41 and P-60. The in situ degradability and in vivo digestibility of DM and OM were significantly (p<0.05) increased in treated straws with the highest values observed for treatment P-41. The intake of DM, OM and digestible organic mater (DOM) were significantly (p<0.05) increased in cows fed FTWS.