• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.263-270
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• 1998

Considering various factors contributing oral malodor, the accurate prediction of prognosis is very important to both clinician and patients. The present study has been performed to invetigate the relationship between treatment effeicacy and pre-treatment volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) level. Ninety patients were divided into three groups, A(<150ppb), B(150< <200ppb), and C(>200ppb) groups, according to pre-treatment VSC level detected by Halimeter, and each group included 30 patients. Routine therapeutic measures for oral were provided to each patient which consisted of oral prophylaxis, tooth brushing and flossing instruction, tongue scraping by proper device, and gargling of 0.25% ZnCl2 Solution. The group with high pre-treatment VSC level (>150ppb) showed significant reduction of VSC level at 1 and 3 weeks after. However, the group with low pre-treatment VSC level (<150ppb) did not show any significant reduction during the experimental periods. Collectively, the results suggested that patients with high pre-treatment VSC level show better prognosis.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.258-264
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study was to confirm the characteristics of oral malodor patients by evaluating the differences of salivary flow rate, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) level in saliva between the patient and control groups, and the correlation with the tongue coating, volatile sulfur compound (VSC), salivary flow rate and sIgA level in saliva in the patients group. Methods : Forty-seven patients with oral malodor and twenty healthy volunteers were included in this study. Their tongue coating was assessed with the Winkel tongue coating index, and salivary flow rate, sIgA concentrations in saliva and the level of VSC in oral cavity were measured. Results : There were no significant differences of the salivary flow rate and the sIgA level in saliva between the patient and control groups, but there was a significant relationship between the accumulation of tongue coating and the level of VSC in oral cavity. Conclusions : Our results suggest that tongue coating is closely related to oral malodor, but further studies are needed to confirm the relationship between tongue coating and sIgA level in saliva.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.449-459
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• 2004

Bacterial byproducts and volatile sulfur compounds(VSC) have been found to be the leading intra-oral agents, specifically, the byproducts of gram negative anaerobic bacteria have been implicated as primary factors of halitosis in patients presenting with periodontal disease. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between periodontal treatment and the subsequent reduction in the level of halitosis. Forty-three subjects presenting with periodontal disease were examined before periodontal treatment, one week after treatment, one month after treatment, and finally, two months after treatment, using a portable sulfide monitoring $Halimeter^{(R)}$ to measure the VSC concentrations at the prescribed intervals. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed at the one week, one month, and two month post-op intervals relative to the pre-op measurement. (p<0.05) 2. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed in subjects after completion of flap operations. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed at the one and two month post-flap operation measurement relative to the VSC concentration at one week (p<0.05), but no significant differences between the one month and two month VSC concentrations were found. (p<0.05) 3. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed in subjects after completion of subgingival curettage (p<0,05). Significant decreases were found between the one week and one month measurements and between the one month and two month measurements, but significant differences were not observed between the one week and two month measurements. (p<0.05) The results of this study show significant decreases in VSC concentration in test subjects after periodontal treatment. It can be inferred from the results above, that periodontal disease is a significant contributing factor of halitosis, and that treatment of periodontal disease can been an effective means of reducing VSC concentration in patients presenting with halitosis concurrent with periodontal disease.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.273-281
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• 2007

아연 화합물은 의학적 효용이 뛰어나서 예전부터 화장품, 의약품 및 치과용 제제 등으로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 특히, 아연의 구강내 생물학적 작용에 대해서는 널리 알려져 있는데, 아연은 구강내 미생물에 다양한 기전으로 영향을 가해서 항균 작용, 항치태 작용, 항우식 작용을 갖게 된다. 또한, 아연은 구취를 유발하는 구강내 혐기성 세균과 구강내 휘발성 황화합물에 영향을 주어서 구취 치료제로서도 널리 애용되고 있다. 이에 저자는 아연의 개괄적인 물성과 독성 및 상용되고 있는 아연 제제들을 요약하여 제시한 후, 구강내 세균과 휘발성 황화합물에 대한 아연의 생물학적 영향에 대하여 항균 효과, 항치태 효과, 항우식 효과 및 구취감소 효과 등으로 나누어 고찰해보았다. 아연은 다른 금속에 비하여 독성이 적고 치아 착색을 거의 유발하지 않으며, 가격 또한 저렴하여 구강내 감염, 치아우식증, 치주질환 및 구취 등의 예방 및 치료제로서 많은 장점을 지니고 있다. 향후 이러한 장점을 바탕으로, 치과 임상에서의 아연제제의 적용은 증가할 것으로 사료되며, 이에 대한 전망은 밝다고 할 수 있다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2009

목적 ; 본 연구는 가스분석검사기의 일종인 Oral $Chroma^{(R)}$(CHM-1, Osaka, Japen)를 이용하여 건강검진센터에 내원하는 환자를 대상으로 전신질환 판정검사에서 이상소견을 가진 환자에서 구취를 일으키는 휘발성 황화합물을 측정 비교하여 전신질환이 구취에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 ; 수집된 자료는 통계분석 프로그램인 Statistical Package for the Social Science12.0(SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA)을 이용하여 구강검사(CPI index, 탐침 시 출혈 유무, 설태의 유무) 결과 및 각 검사별 전신질환의 유무에 따른 황화수소, 메틸 머캅탄, 황화 디메틸의 농도를 교차분석으로 분석하였다. 결과 ; 휘발성 황화합물과 관계있는 질환은 간질환과 담낭질환이라는 사실을 확인할 수 있었으며 그 외 골밀도와 혈압, 지질검사 등에서의 관련성도 관찰되어 추후 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.122-131
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• 2010

This clinical study was performed to evaluate whether supplementation of proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-based triple therapy with Korean red ginseng can enhance Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication and reduce levels of halitosis-associated volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in the stomach. Seventy-six patients were randomized into an eradication regimen-only group (n=45) or an eradication regimen plus 10 weeks of Korean red ginseng supplementation group (n=31). The eradication regimen consisted of PPI b.i.d., clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d., and amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.. for seven days. Korean red ginseng supplementation commenced on the last day of the eradication regimen. $^{13}C$-urea breath test and halimeter measurements were performed prior to protocol repetition. By intention-to-treat analysis, the H. pylori eradication rate in the Korean red ginseng group (77.4%, 24 of 31) was higher than that in the control group (45.0%, 26 of 45). However, by per protocol analysis, the eradication rate in the Korean red ginseng group was significantly higher than that in the control group (92.3%, 24/26 vs. 69.4%, 26/38; p<0.05). H. pylori infection was significantly associated with increased VSC levels. However, VSC levels decreased significantly in the Korean red ginseng group (p<0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of triple therapy with Korean red ginseng increased the H. pylori eradication rate and led to significant reductions in VSC levels, suggesting the usefulness of this substance in combating H. pylori infection.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.367-377
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• 2009

구강악취 원인 물질인 $H_2S$를 발생시키는 NaHS로 RAW 264.7 세포를 자극시킨 결과, VSCs 생성에 관련된 CSE 유전자 발현증가와 함께 IL-6, COX-2, iNOS와 같은 염증매개 cytokine이 증가하며, 아울러 본 대식세포나 백혈구 활성에 관련된 세포내 골격단백질인 ERM의 발현증가가 유도되었다. 이러한 사실은 이전의 연구결과인 VSCs의 생성이 위점막 염증 및 손상과 연관되어 있다는 이전의 연구를 증빙해주는 사실인데, 더욱 흥미로운 사실은 고려 홍삼의 전처치를 통하여 CSE의 억제는 물론 염증 연관 cytokine 및 ERM의 발현억제를 유도할 수 있으며, 이는 세포내 신호전달계인 p38 및 ERK의 억제, 주로는 ERK 비활성화를 통하여 작동됨을 규명하였다. 고려홍삼이 구강악취 환자에게서 증상 완화내지는 소멸을 위하여 매우 유용하다는 이전의 연구결과에 본 연구결과가 추가됨으로 고려홍삼에 의한 VSC 생성억제 기전이 관련된 유전자의 약화는 물론 cytokine 억제 및 백혈구 활성에 관련된 인자억제를 통한 항염증 작용에 근거한다는 기전을 추가할 수 있었다.