• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2000

We carried out a case-control study to investigate protective effect of lactating against breast cancer in Korea. Cases (n=108) were the newly histologically identified breast cancer between December 1997 and August 1999. Hospital-based controls were selected by frequency matching method with age ($\pm$4 age) and menopausal status from the patients at the same hospital in the plastic surgery, general surgery and opthalmology department. Interviews included information on general characteristics of subjects, disease history, family history of breast cancer, vitamin supplementation, alcohol intake, food intake, and reproductive factors as well as lactation history. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated by using unconditional logistic regression. Age distribution of case control subjects were similar. Late menarche age $\geq$ 17 in premenopausal women was related to the lower risk of breast cancer OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.28-0.91. Family history of breast cancer was related to the higher risk of breast cancer only in premenopausal women (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.35-2.71). Higher body mass index mass index (> 30) were associated with higher risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. For premenopausal women, women who had lactated $\geq$ 12 months to the first child had a significantly lower risk (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.24-0.97) than the women had no breast feeding experience. However, results from postmenopausal women did not show an association with decreased breast cancer risk. These findings suggest that lactation may be a protective factor of breast cancer in Korean women.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2015

This study evaluates nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors and food group acceptability based on a sample of 514 of new employees in Gyeonggi area. Among the respondents, 70.6% of male, and their age was 30.7 Most were college graduates (94.9%) and unmarried (86.3%). Based on the BMI males tended to be overweight, whereas females, normal. In terms of health consciousness based on five-point Likert-type scale, the average score for the health status was 4.18 indicating good health, and health attention was 4.88 indicating high health attention. Dietary behaviors were evaluated using five-point Likert-type scale. According to the results, the total score for regular diet based on 5 items was 9.6; that for a balanced diet based on 7 items was 22.2; and that for practical diet action based on 8 items was 22.3. That is, the respondents were on an irregular diet but tried to balanced diet through appropriate diet action. Food acceptability was evaluated using a five-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly dislike(1)" to "strongly like(5)". The score of meat group was 3.67; that for the fish 3.43; and that for the vegetable group was 2.86. Females were slightly more like to accept fruits 3.60 than males 3.48;(p<0.05). The total score for nutrition knowledge based on 35 items was 20.5. A balanced diet was correlated with egg acceptability (p<0.01); energy-related knowledge with confectionery preferences (p<0.05); and vitamin knowledge, with snack affinity (p<0.05). Health attention was negatively correlated with seafood preferences for male(p<0.05) and with snacks for females(p<0.05). The respondents were strongly interested in and aware of their health, but this did not lead to their food preferences. These results suggests that dietary habits can lead to nutritional balance for maintaining the health of employees.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.464-475
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• 2014

Eating breakfast provides crucial nutrition for brain function and helps promote overall health. It is especially critical in growing adolescents, as it is known to form good eating habits and better study habits. This study investigated the effects of skipping breakfast on nutritional state, fatigue level, and attention level. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 on total of 828 adolescents composed of 414 boys and 414 girls. Students who ate breakfast never to twice per week were placed in the breakfast-skipper group while students who ate breakfast more than five times per week were included in the breakfast-eater group. Students performed a self-reported questionnaire on food behaviors, amount of food consumption, fatigue level, attention deficient hyperactivity disease (ADHD) level by Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-Report Scales, depression scale, and self-esteem level. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SAS program (version 9.1). A total of 135 boys (32.6%) and 138 girls (33.3%) were included in the breakfast-skipper group, whereas 241 boys (58.2%) and 223 girls (53.9%) were included in the breakfast-eater group. The breakfast-skipper group showed irregular food behaviors and lacked nutrients. Specifically, energy (p< .001), protein (p< .001), dietary fiber (p< .001), calcium (p< .01), vitamin A (p< .01), thiamin (p< .05), niacin (p< .001) levels in boy breakfast-skippers were statistically lower compared to boy breakfast-eaters. Intakes of all nutrients except fat in girl breakfast-skippers were statistically lower than in girl breakfast-eaters. Girl breakfast-skippers (41.3%) showed significantly higher fatigue risks compared to girl breakfast-eaters (21.5%). Low attention level was also observed only in girls in the breakfast-skipping group. Moreover, students in the breakfast-skipper group showed higher scores for depression and low self-esteem (p< .001). In conclusion, skipping breakfast has effects on young adolescents' nutrition, manifesting as high fatigue level and low attention level, especially in girls.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.699-707
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• 2003

This study examined the effectiveness of two commonly used dietary assessment methods (the 24-hour recall and the food frequency questionnaire) in the epidemiological investigations of health-related habits and degenerative diseases. This cross sectional project in the Seoul area was conducted for the purpose of establishing cohort subjects and collecting reliable nutrient intake data for a further large-scale cross sectional study. The subjects were 91 volunteers from the Seoul area with a mean age of 53.5 \pm 9.6 for the males and 52.2 \pm 8.9 for the females. The subjects had a relatively high educational background, were from high socioeconomic levels, and were greatly concerned about healthrelated life styles. There was a significantly negative correlation between their smoking and their nutrient intake. Their drinking habits, their self-estimated health status and their concern or stress about being healthy did not have any influence on their nutrient intakes. Skipping meals was the most undesirable dietary habit influencing their nutrient intakes, and the next was their irregularity of eating meals. The subjects who liked legumes and fish had higher intakes of iron and niacin and those who liked milk and dairy products had higher intakes of calcium, vitamin \B_2 and fat. The subjects who considered themselves not to be healthy consumed higher amounts of fish and shell-fish, and those who considered themselves to be healthy consumed higher amounts of vegetables. The smokers consumed less fruits than non-smokers, but there was no correlation between their drinking and consumption of the food groups. There was no correlation between their food consumption frequency and their skipping meals or meal irregularity. There were positive correlations between their food likes and food consumption frequency for foods such as meat, milk and dairy products, seaweeds and fruits. Therefore, their smoking, skipping meals and meal irregularity appeared to greatly influence their nutrient intakes. Significant correlations were found between their health-related habits and their food group preferences and food frequencies. This implies that simple surveying methods using criteria such as smoking, skipping meals and meal irregularity, food group preferences and eating frequencies can be used as useful tools in the assessment of nutritional statuses.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1998

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the appropriateness of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for 200 hospitalized adult patients in Samsung Medical Center from January 1st in 1995 to June 31st in 1997. Standard criteria were modified and determined from those stated by AJHP (American Journal of Health System Pharmacy) and ASPEN (American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition). The justification for indications was appropriate in $35\%,\;44\%,\;and\;32\%$ of the patient's in 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively, without significant improvement over the last two and half years. Before and during the administration of TPN, several monitoring indicators were well documented, and monitoring frequencies were increased over two and half years period. However, the majority of the monitoring indicators were not found in the standard criteria range of $90\%$. The monitoring indicators for electrolyte balance, $PO_4$ and Mg, were not measured appropriately and resulted in the complications which could have been prevented. The indicator for lipid tolerance, triglyceride and the indicator for hemorrhagic incidence, prothrombin time (PT), were not well documented in comparison with other indicators. The indicators for the improvement in nutritional status, albumin and total protein, were appropriate in $90\%$ of the patients. Determination of TPN formula was based on the laboratory data and chart reviews, and it was appropriate in $98\%$. But the administration of lipid and vitamin K for the prevention of essential fatty acid deficiency and hemorrhage, respectively, was not carried out appropriately when the administration of TPN was prolonged, lasting more than 7 days. When a patient returned to oral or enteral feeding, TPN was terminated. However, increase in albumin level or weight was rarely observed. In conclusion, healthcare professionals should all work as a team and active participation to provide optimized nutrition support for partners.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.321-340
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• 2022

Objectives: This study established a practical direction for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by evaluating the health status, nutrition intake level, and diet quality according to metabolic syndrome and related drug treatment in Korean adults. Methods: The data from the 2017 KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) was analyzed. The analysis included 2,978 adults, classified into the normal, metabolic syndrome (MetS), metabolic syndrome with medicines (MetS-M), and without medicines (MetS-noM) groups. The nutrient intake, NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), INQ (index of nutritional quality), and DDS (dietary diversity score) were analyzed. Results: The mean BMI was significantly higher in the MetS group than in the normal group for all subjects. Subjects of the MetS group tended to consume less energy and major nutrients, while males aged 50 ~ 64 and all females showed less intake of nutrients in the MetS-M group. The energy intake ratio was within 55 ~ 65 : 7~ 20 : 15 ~ 30 of KDRI (Korean Dietary Recommended Intake), but the carbohydrate energy ratio of all subjects aged 50 to 64 was over 65%. The NAR of the major nutrients was lower in the MetS-M group, the average INQ was around 0.8, especially the INQ of calcium and vitamin A was less than 1, and the total DDS score was less than 4 points. Conclusions: This study confirmed that the nutrient intake and diet quality differed among subjects diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and managed with medical care. The intakes of energy and many nutrients, the quality of diets, and the diversity of food groups in the MetS-M group were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, these will be an important basis for establishing a specific direction of diet education for preventing and managing metabolic syndrome according to gender, age, metabolic syndrome, and drug treatment.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the food and nutrient intake status and eating-out practices of college students. A dietary survey of 361 subjects living in urban areas was conducted by using a 3-day diet record method. The average ages of the male and female subjects were 22.0 and 20.6 years old, respectively. Monthly personal expenses of the male and female students were 316,517 won and 296,888 won, respectively. 43.1% of the male and 50.8% of the female students used between one-quarter and one-half of their monthly personal expenses for eating out. Sixty-five percent of the total subjects ate out more than five times a week The average daily total food intake was 1630.7g in the males and 1453.9g in the females. The average percentage of total food intake from eating out (by weight) was 60.6% in the males and 56.2% in the females; foods eaten out were mainly potatoes, meats, processed foods, and beverages. It was found that 40-65% of daily total nutrient intake came from food eaten out. When they ate out, the male students ate slightly higher amounts of protein, fat and vitamin B1, while the female students ate relatively higher amounts of animal protein, fat, vitamin A and cholesterol. The more the subjects ate out, the more the quantity of total food intake increased. This increase resulted from high intakes of beverages and processed foods in the males, while the increase was from total plant foods, mushrooms, beverages, and milk and dairy products, in the females. The dietary variety score (DVS) was significantly increased in the female subjects when they ate out more than once a day; otherwise, the DVS was not significantly different between any of the male and female groups. The intakes of energy, and of many nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and cholesterol, were increased when the female subjects ate out more than twice a day. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was at its highest level of 0.65 in the males when they ate out less than once a day, and at its highest level of 0.67 in the females when they ate out more than twice a day.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.58-72
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the food and nutrient intake of Korean elderly according to the anxiety and depressive condition using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) from 2013 to 2015. Methods: The participants were 3,504 elderly people over 65 years of age (1,523 in men and, 1,981 in women). The dietary information was analyzed using the 24-hour recall data. The anxiety and depressive state was assessed using the self-reported scale EQ-5D in the quality of life dimension. The subjects were divided into the anxiety depression group (AD) and non-anxiety depression group (NAD) according to their anxiety and depressive conditions. Results: In the male elderly, the AD group had a significantly lower education and economic level and higher proportion in living alone than the NAD group. The percentage of eating lunch and dinner alone in the male AD group was higher than that of the NAD group. The female AD group showed less a lower frequency of dinner than the NAD group. The male AD group had a lower consumption of total foods, fish and shellfishes, seaweeds, mushrooms, oils and fats, and seasonings than the NAD group. With regard to the nutrient intake, the male elderly NAD group had more sufficient nutrient intakes than the AD group. In particular, the daily intakes of dietary fiber, riboflavin, niacin, potassium and iron were significantly lower in the AD group. To compare with the nutrient density of the two groups, the vitamin C and niacin intakes were lower in the AD group than in the NAD group. Overall, the nutritional status of the male AD group was significantly lower than that of the NAD group. Meanwhile, the female elderly had showed a smaller difference in nutrient intake according to their anxiety and depressive condition. Conclusion: These results of this study show that more nutritional education and emotional support are needed to improve the nutritional status and health of the male elderly with anxiety or depression.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2021

Purpose: This study examined the dietary behavior, health status and nutrient intake by considering the level of household income of elderly people using data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES VII) 2018. Methods: The study subjects were 1,355 elderly people over 65 years old (558 men, 797 women). Based on their household income, participants were classified into three groups: low-income, middle-income, and high-income. The variables consisted of general characteristics, dietary behavior, health status, health related behavior, and dietary intakes. Dietary data were estimated by the 24-hour dietary recall. Results: In men, the low-income group encompassed older, less educated, less employed, and living with family of first generation. However, in women, there were no differences in employment by the level of income, and women living alone had lower income than subjects living with family. Elderly men in the high-income group had a significantly higher level of nutrient intake (energy, protein, fat, phosphorous, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C). Men in the low-income group consumed a significantly lower intake of fruits, seaweeds and eggs, including total food. Women in the low-income group had significantly less intake of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin whereas women in the high-income group had significantly higher intake of sugar & sweet, eggs, and beverages, including total food. Conclusion: These results suggest that the level of household income is an important factor that influences food and nutrient intake in the Korean elderly. The socioeconomic status needs to be considered differently among elderly men and women when implementing food assistant programs and designing nutrition education programs.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.284-293
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• 2015

This study was intended to investigate food, exercise habits, perception of health status and the effects of nutrient intake of female college students. Food habits such as regularity of meal time, repast of breakfast, numbers of night snack per week and duration of meal were assessed via a self reporting questionnaire, and 24hrs recall method for nutrient intake was obtained from 155 female college students in Yangju-si. The mean height and weight of the subjects were $161.25{\pm}3.52cm$ and $52.26{\pm}4.52kg$, respectively. The average intakes of energy and nutrients were below the Korea recommended dietary allowance(RDA). Especially, The nutrient intakes(energy, protein, fat, fiber, calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc, sodium, potassium, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin C, folate, vitamin E, cholesterol) of the group in which the regularity of meal time per week was 5~7 days was significantly higher than the group in which the regularity of meal time was < 3 days (p<0.005). The nutrient intakes influenced by the food habit such as the regularity of meal time, skipping breakfast, and the numbers of night snack per week but did not differ in accordance with the regular exercise habits and perception of health status. These findings suggest that nutritional education based on female college students' food habits(regularity of meal time, skipping breakfast and night snacks per week, and duration of meal) may be required to improve dietary variety. It is considered that the improvement in dietary habits will contribute to the improvement of nutrition.