• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2015

This study aimed to compare the characteristics of breast cancer surgery and shoulder surgery patients on the shoulder range of motion (ROM), degree of pain and dysfunction, and scapular position. This study was carried out with a total of 90 women: a breast cancer surgery group (BS, $n_1=30$), a shoulder surgery group (SS, $n_2=30$) and a control group ($n_3=30$). Shoulder ROM, the Quadruple Visual Analogue Scale (QVAS), the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and the Scapular Index (SI) were used to assess shoulder function. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way analysis of variance, crosstab test, and independent sample t-test. Post-hoc testing was carried out with Bonferroni test. There were significant differences in shoulder ROM when the BS and the SS were compared with the control group. However, there was no significant difference in ROM between the BS and SS. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in shoulder pain between both surgery groups, and there was greater shoulder dysfunction in the SS than in the BS. There was also a significant difference in upper extremity posture when the BS and the SS were compared to the control group. Finally, there was no significant difference in upper extremity posture between the BS and the SS. This study compared shoulder ROM, pain, dysfunction, and upper extremity postures between the BS and SS. While there were no significant differences in shoulder ROM, pain, and upper extremity posture between both surgery groups, the level of dysfunction was found to be significantly different. Therefore, health professionals managing for breast cancer surgery or shoulder surgery patients should consider these outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.312-317
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• 2016

Objective: Midazolam is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A. Inhibition or induction of CYP3A can affect the pharmacological activity of midazolam. The aims of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and evaluate the effect of CYP3A-mediated interactions among ketoconazole, rifampicin, and midazolam. Methods: Three-treatment, three-period, crossover study was conducted in 24 healthy male subjects. Each subject received 1 mg midazolam (control), 1 mg midazolam after pretreatment with 400 mg ketoconazole once daily for 4 days (CYP3A inhibition phase), and 2.5 mg midazolam after pretreatment with 600 mg rifampicin once daily for 10 days (CYP3A induction phase). The population PK analysis was performed using a nonlinear mixed effect model ($NONMEM^{(R)}$ 7.2) based on plasma midazolam concentrations. The PK model was developed, and the first-order conditional estimation with interaction was applied for the model run. A three-compartment model with first-order elimination described the PK. The influence of ketoconazole and rifampicin, CYP3A5 genotype, and demographic characteristics on PK parameters was examined. Goodness-of-fit (GOF) diagnostics and visual predictive checks, as well as bootstrap were used to evaluate the adequacy of the model fit and predictions. Results: Twenty-four subjects contributed to 900 midazolam concentrations. The final parameter estimates (% relative standard error, RSE) were as follows; clearance (CL), 31.8 L/h (6.0%); inter-compartmental clearance (Q) 2, 36.4 L/h (9.7%); Q3, 7.37 L/h (12.0%), volume of distribution (V) 1, 70.7 L (3.6%), V2, 32.9 L (8.8%); and V3, 44.4 L (6.7%). The midazolam CL decreased and increased to 32.5 and 199.9% in the inhibition and induction phases, respectively, compared to that in control phase. Conclusion: A PK model for midazolam co-treatment with ketoconazole and rifampicin was developed using data of healthy volunteers, and the subject's CYP3A status influenced the midazolam PK parameters. Therefore, a population PK model with enzyme-mediated drug interactions may be useful for quantitatively predicting PK alterations.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2010

The importance of a using the visual media in English education has been increased. By an importance of Characters in English language content, the more effort is needed for a learner to show the English pronunciation and a realistic implementation. In this paper, we tried to review the Syntax-based Educational Contents Authoring System. For the more realistic lip-sync character, 3D character to enhance the efficiency of the education was constructed. We used a chart of the association structure analysis of mouth's shape. we produced an optimized 3D character through a process of a concept, a modeling, a mapping and an animating design. For more effective educational content for 3D character creation, the next research will be continuously a 3d Character added to a hand motion and body motion in order to show an effective communication example.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2011

Domestic leading construction companies has been establishing and performing TACT scheduling method, similar to linear scheduling model such as line of balance and repetitive schedule, and etc. in which repetitive construction works are involved like high-rise building. Linear scheduling model has been researched as a visual scheduling method presenting the work space and time information. Likewise scheduling constraints of CPM network such as finish-to-finish, start-to-start, finish-to-start, start-to-start, linear scheduling model also has the relationships constraints, namely boundary conditions, between activities. It is especially necessary to define the boundary conditions of the activities' relationships in order to apply the linear scheduling model to be compatible with the network schedule. Therefore, this research considers the boundary conditions between activities for establishing the linear scheduling model. This paper also applies the proposed boundary conditions to TACT schedule and then deduces the main considerations in order to establish and perform TACT schedule.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2007

Background: It is well known that nasotracheal intubation is comfort for patient compared to oral intubation. We sometimes delay extubation when it is thought that the patient can not maintain airway, or there may be other emergency associated with airway. And we sometimes experience complaint of discomfort of nasotracheal tube. But, we could not find any report on degree of discomfort of delayed nasotracheal intubation. Methods: Eighteen patients in whom extubation of nasotraceal tube was delayed after operation because of difficulties of airway mamagement were selected. We surveyed the discomfort of nasotracheal tube with 0 to 10 visual analogue scale (VAS) and compared with the pain of operation site (VAS). Result: The VAS of nasotracheal intubation was $6.7{\pm}3.4$, and VAS of the primary operation site was $3.5{\pm}2.4$, and VAS of flap harvest site was $5.5{\pm}2.7$. 10 of the patients complained of nasotracheal suction extremely and 6 patients complained of respiratory difficulties. Conclusions: Nasotracheal intubation was discomfort and there must be intervention.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.648-659
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to study what effect providing the patient with preparatory concrete information had on the state anxiety depending on coping styles of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. State Anxiety scores for 32 patients who had cardiac catheterization were examined after information was provided about the test using an audio tape. The state anxiety of patients who had a high trait anxiety level was compared to that of those who had a low trait anxiety level. The state anxiety of those who had a monitor type were compared to those of patients who had blunter type. The Trait and State Anxiety Scale of Spielberger, Miller's Behavioral Style Scale, and Krantz's Health Opinion Survey and Visual Analog Scale (Ⅰ, Ⅱ) were used. Findings were as follows : 1. Among the demographic characteristics, gender difference of the patients was significantly different for the trait anxiety level. Female patients had higher trait anxiety level than male patients. 2. Analysis of state anxiety scores indicated that the mean score of the state anxiety prior to the test was higher than the mean score of the state anxiety examined after the test. The difference was statistically significant. 3. Among the patients, 14 patients (43. 7%) used monitor type, while 18 patients (56. 3%) used blunter type. The means of preference for information measured on the Krantz' subscale was 2. 45. 4. The study results indicate that the state anxiety level of those who had a low trait anxiety level was lower than that of those who had a high trait anxiety level. 5. State anxiety levels depending upon the kind of coping style which patients used during the test were not significantly different. This study did not identify the influence of preparatory concrete information on the state anxiety depending on coping styles, and there fore a quasi-experimental study using a large sample according to different types of information, and the amount of information, coping styles is recommended.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.326-332
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• 2018

Objective: This study was performed to compare the perception of pain between patients treated with passive self-ligating fixed appliances and those treated with Invisalign aligners. Methods: This prospective study conducted in Saudi Arabia used an estimated sample of 64 patients from a private dental clinic. After obtaining written informed consent, the patients were divided into two groups; one group (n = 32) was treated using passive self-ligating fixed appliances and the other group (n = 32) using $Invisalign^{(R)}$ aligners. Immediately after fitting the appliances, the patients' perception of pain was evaluated through a close-ended and coded self-administrated questionnaire by using a visual analog scale (VAS). Their responses were recorded at 4 hours, 24 hours, day 3, and day 7. Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Pearson's chi-square test were performed for statistical analysis. Results: A lower percentage of patients treated with Invisalign aligners reported pain than did patients treated with passive self-ligating fixed appliances, and these differences were statistically significant (p = 0.001). Similarly, the mean VAS score for the Invisalign group was significantly lower than that for the passive self-ligating fixed appliance group at different intervals during the first week of treatment. The intensity of pain with both appliances peaked at 24 hours (mean VAS score, 3.87) and was lowest (mean VAS score, 1.62) on day 7. Conclusions: During the first week of orthodontic treatment, patients treated with Invisalign aligners reported lower pain than did those treated with passive self-ligating fixed appliances.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.8 s.104
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• pp.763-770
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• 2005

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become an indispensable tool for providing precise position, velocity and time information for many applications like traditional surveying and navigation etc. However, Global Positioning System (GPS), which was developed and is maintained and operated by the U.S. Department of Defence (DoD), has monopolized the world industry and market, and hence there exists the situation that most of GNSS users absolutely depend upon the GPS. In order to overcome the monopoly, some countries, such as Russia, Japan and European Union (EU), have developed their own GNSSs, so-called GLONASS, JRANS and Galileo systems. Among them, the most prospective system in near future is EU's Galileo system scheduled to launch in 2008. This research has focused on the next generation GNSS system based on GPS and Gralileo system with developing a GNSS simulation software, named as GIMS2005, which generates and analyzes satellite constellation and measurements. Based on the software, a variety of simulation tests have been carried out to recognize limits of GPS-only system and potential benefits of integrated GPS/Galileo positioning. Geometry simulation results have showed that comparing with GPS-only case, the number qf visual satellites, Dilution of Precision (DOP) values, internal reliabilities and external reliabilities.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.207-215
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the differences in the facial emotion recognition and discrimination ability between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Fifty-three children aged 7 to 11 years participated in this study. Among them, 43 were diagnosed with ADHD and 10 with ASD. The parents of the participants completed the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist, ADHD Rating Scale and Conner's scale. The participants completed the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition and Advanced Test of Attention (ATA), Penn Emotion Recognition Task and Penn Emotion Discrimination Task. The group differences in the facial emotion recognition and discrimination ability were analyzed by using analysis of covariance for the purpose of controlling the visual omission error index of ATA. Results: The children with ADHD showed better recognition of happy and sad faces and less false positive neutral responses than those with ASD. Also, the children with ADHD recognized emotions better than those with ASD on female faces and in extreme facial expressions, but not on male faces or in mild facial expressions. We found no differences in the facial emotion discrimination between the children with ADHD and ASD. Conclusion: Our results suggest that children with ADHD recognize facial emotions better than children with ASD, but they still have deficits. Interventions which consider their different emotion recognition and discrimination abilities are needed.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.8B no.5
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• pp.549-556
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• 2001

The general problems of recovering 3D for 2D imagery require the depth information for each picture element form focus. The manual creation of those 3D models is consuming time and cost expensive. The goal in this paper is to simplify the depth estimation algorithm that extracts the depth information of every region from monocular image sequence with camera translation to implement 3D video in realtime. The paper is based on the property that the motion of every point within image which taken from camera translation depends on the depth information. Full-search motion estimation based on block matching algorithm is exploited at first step and ten, motion vectors are compensated for the effect by camera rotation and zooming. We have introduced the algorithm that estimates motion of object by analysis of monocular motion picture and also calculates the averages of frame depth and relative depth of region to the average depth. Simulation results show that the depth of region belongs to a near object or a distant object is in accord with relative depth that human visual system recognizes.