• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.868-877
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• 1996

This study was done to analyze research trends and to suggest future perspectives for nursing research on fatigue. The author reviewed 31 Korean and foreign research papers which have been published in the literature since 1970. An analysis of the study focused on the type of research subjects, type of study design. measurement instrument, and its correlated parameters. The results of the study are summarized as follows : First, within all of the studies analayzed, 14 studies were publised in Korea and 17 were published abroad. The number of studies done abroad have been increasing rapidly since 1991. Second, an analysis of the research design of the studies showed, eight studies each, Korean and foreign used survey design. Two Korean studies and seven foreign studies used a correlational design. Four comparative studies were done in Korea, but only two experimetal studies were performed abroad. Therefore, it was found that the trend of the study design used is survey design and there are more correlational studies done abroad than in Korea. Third, the type of the study subjects ; 11 Korean and three foreign studies dealt with healthy people. In addition, three Korean and 14 foreign studies investigated patients with various illnesses. It was found that patients with various illnesses were studied more frequently in foreign studies than in Korean studies. Fourth, the measurement tool used in the Korean studies ; 13 studies used a testible tool to assess patients' subjective symtoms or complaints of fatigue. The most commonly used tool used in 10 studies, was the Fatigue Self-Perception Scale, which was designed by the Labor and Health Institute of Japan. The Visual Analogue Scale was used in two studies, and Piper Fatigue Scale, addtional with physiologic parameters, was used in one study. In the foreign studies, subjective measurement tools were used in 16 studies. A combination of a subjective measurement tool with objective parameters was used in ten studies. For the subjective measurement tool used in the foreign studies, a specific measurement tool developed by the researcher which was used in seven studies. Either Rhoten Fatigue Scale or the Visual Analog Scale were used in three studies. Additionally, in order to identify the relationship between fatigue and psychological factors, The Profile of Mood State was used in three studies. Beck Depression Inventory was used in two studies. The Self Rated Depression Scale, developed by Zung, was used in one study and other measurement tools were used to measure various psychological parameters. Rhoten fatigue Checklist was also used to observe behavior patterns. Lastly, nine studies identified correlations between fatigue and other parameters. A significant correlation was found between fatigue and psychological factors such as depression, and pain. As a result of the above findings, it can be said that research trends on fatigue are increasing internationally. The selected study designs are survey studies both in Korea and abroad. There are more correlational studies abroad than in Korea. In addition, subjective measurement tools and objective parameters are used variously and combined with each other. had, there is a significant correlation between fatigue and psychological factors such as depression, and pain. More survey and correlational studies need to be done to identify the relationship of fatigue in patients with various condition or diagnoses and to suggest a scientific basis for nursing interventions with fatigue. Also, a tool to assess patient's subjective, objective, and behavioral aspects on fatigue needs to be developed.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.583-598
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• 2020

Objective: The aims of this study were to analyze deficiency-excess pattern identification and to compare the blood cytokines in patients with asthma. Methods: A total of 112 patients with asthma who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into deficiency syndrome and excess syndrome groups. Blood was examined for eotaxin, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adult Korean Asthmatics (QLQAKA), a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and heart rate variability (HRV) tests were administered to both groups. Results: Pattern identification divided the 112 patients into two categories: a deficiency syndrome group (N=52) and an excess syndrome group (N=60). Analysis of blood cytokines showed higher levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the deficient pattern than in the excess pattern group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Analysis of the HRV revealed a significantly higher mean value for the very-low-frequency (VLF) and high-frequency (HF) bands in the deficiency than in the excess syndrome group. The morbidity duration was longer in the deficiency than in the excess syndrome group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Analysis of the QLQAKA and VAS scores showed a negative correlation, whereas BMI and VAS showed a positive correlation. Conclusions: Levels of blood cytokines, including eotaxin, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and TNF-α, did not differ statistically between the deficiency and excess syndrome groups. The development of a more accurate asthma-specific pattern identification tool would be useful in asthma control.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic value of an urban landscape. The site of this study was Independence Park in Seoul. Before measuring economic valuation, an amount of view analysis was performed to learn the visual characteristics of the landscape. As a result, the green space ratio of the park is approximately 64%. This study estimates the intrinsic value of an urban landscape that might be included in housing prices using a hedonic price model. The hedonic price model is a statistical analysis that is often used to estimate intrinsic values of certain attributes of a product. The Box-Cox model was adopted as an analysis tool while the housing price for $3.3m^2$ was used as a dependent variable and housing and landscape features as independent variables. Results show that the value of the landscape of the Independence Park is approximately 2.2% of the housing market price. The Landscape variables of the park is the second most significant of the 8 variables. This shows that residents perceived the view of the urban landscape as one of the most significant factors in their living environment. The study also indicates that urban landscapes play important roles in improving quality of life and in influencing housing prices. The implication of the study can be said to be the potential of the urban landscape as a significant urban infrastructure. These results can be used to help make policy decisions to preserve and/or develop urban landscapes.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.309-316
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• 2010

This paper proposes healthcare bathing system for improving the multisensory function and not washing. We designed various types of bathtub for developing bathing system. This system consists of whirlpool bathtub for multisensory stimulation, a cover of bathtub with visual-auditory stimulation function, a small size PC for main control, touch panel, digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB), color-changeable LED mood lighting system for improving visual sensibility and speaker. We investigate the effects on autonomic nervous system during bathing with healthcare bathing system for improving the multisensory functions. To analysis physiological parameter, body temperature, blood pressure, intraocular pressure and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured before, during and after bath using healthcare bathing system. Experiments were performed on partial immersion bath and the water temperature was kept $39{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$. The body temperature and the heart rate variability of the subject were measured every 5 minutes before, during, and after the bath. In analysis of HRV, the parasympathetic nerve increased from starting bath and decreased after 15 minutes. So the subjects felt comfortable at 15 minutes after starting bath. Blood pressure decreased to 16mmHg maximumly however pulse increased. Bath using healthcare bathing system for improving the multisensory functions affects positively the circulation of the blood. From this results, it leaves something to be desired in evaluation of serviceability and physiological analysis using the healthcare bathing system, however, we expect to analyze more clearly the relationship between the serviceability of product, physiological change and sensibility by various physiological parameters.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.73-86
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• 2009

This paper proposes a new data hiding scheme for binary image authentication with minimizing the distortion of host image. Based on the Hamming-Code-Based data embedding algorithm, the proposed scheme makes it possible to embed authentication information into host image with only flipping small number of pixels. To minimize visual distortion, the proposed scheme only modifies the values of the flippable pixels that are selected based on Yang et al's flippablity criteria. In addition to this, by randomly shuffling the bit-order of the authentication information to be embedded, only the designated receiver, who has the secret key that was used for data embedding, can extract the embedded data. To show the superiority of the proposed scheme, the two measurement metrics, the miss detection rate and the number of flipped pixels by data embedding, are used for the comparison analysis between the proposed scheme and the previous schemes. As a result of analysis, it has been shown that the proposed scheme flips smaller number of pixels than the previous schemes to embed the authentication information of the same bit-length. Moreover, it has been shown that the proposed scheme causes smaller visual distortion and more resilient against recent steg-analysis attacks than the previous schemes by the experimental results.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.59-73
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to establish a marketing strategy for the makgeolli manufacturing industry. We fractionized cousumer types depending on motives for purchase of customers who had bought makeolli or drunk it for the last six months. We also examined the relationship between makgeolli selection attributes and customer satisfaction by the cousumer types. SPSS 15.0 statistical package was used to process data. Frequency analysis, factor analysis, a reliability test, K-means cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression were executed. As a result, the motives to purchase and drink were divided into four factors - marketing, effect on health, self-desires, outside environment; consumers into three types - dependent type, loving type, indifferent type; makgeolli selection attributes into five factors - health characteristics, visual elements, brand characteristics, drinking characteristics, purchase characteristics. It was shown that the makgeolli loving type considered all the makgeolli selection attributes as most important; the dependent type considered the health characteristics and visual elements as less important than the loving type did. The indifferent type considered all the makgeolli selection attributes as less important compared with the other types. Among the makgeolli selection attributes, drinking characteristics and the purchase characteristics had effects on customer satisfaction.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.9D no.6
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• pp.1145-1156
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• 2002

We propose a web document transcoding technique that translates existing web pages designed for desktop computers into an appropriate form for hand-held devices connected to the wireless internet. By defining a content block based on a visual separation and using it as a minimum unit for analyzing and converting processes, we can get web pages converted more exactly. We also apply the reallocation of the content block and the generation of new index in order to provide convenient interface without left-right scrolling in small screen devices. These methods, compared with existing ways such as text level summary or partial extraction method, can provide efficient navigation and a full recognition of web documents. To gain those transcoding benefits, we propose the Layout-Forming Tag Analysis Algorithm that analyzes structural tags, which motivate visual separation and the Component Grouping Algorithm that extracts the content block. We also classify and rearrange the content block and generate the new index to produce an appropriate form of web pages for small display devices. We have designed and implemented our transcoding system in a proxy server and evaluated the methods and the algorithms through an analysis of transcoded results. Our transcoding system showed a good result on most of popular web pages that have complicated structures.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.144-152
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• 2019

Learning styles are the methods of gathering, processing, interpreting, organizing the information. VARK learnig inventory is instructional preference classified according to their visual(V), aural(A), read-write(R), and/or kinesthetic(K) sensory modality preferences(SMP). Learner-centered learning is emphasized, but there are few studies on VARK learning styles in Korean medical school. The purposes of this study were to assess the student' SMPs and compare those with gender, status, and academic achievement. The subjects of study were 394 students at C Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine. For the study style test, 16 questions were used in Korean version of VARK test paper© 7.0 developed by Fleming provided on the VARK website. Academic achievement was converted into a standardized score(t score). Frequency analysis, cross analysis, and variance analysis(t-test, ANOVA) were conducted to identify learning style disposition and differences between groups. The uni-modal type was 87(22.1%) and the multimodal was 307(77.9%). Regardless of gender, quasi-modal VARK was the most preferred. There was no significant difference in learning styles by gender. The first grade in medicine was the lowest in uni-modal type(8.8%) and the highest in quasi-modal VARK type(47.8%), while the fourth grade was the highest in uni-modal type(30.7%) and the lowest in quasi-modal VARK type(19.8%) and tri-modal type(19.8%). There was no difference in academic achievement by all learning types(F=1.09, p=0.37). The knowledge about students' learning styles is helpful for instructors to apply more learner-centered teaching strategies in medical education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2004

The diversity, expansion of human activity and rapid urbanization make modem society to faced with problems like damage of nature and drain of natural resources. Under these circumstances rapid and accurate change detection techniques, which can detect wide range utilization changes, are needed for efficient management and utilization plan of national territory. In this study to perform change detection from remote sensing images, space analysis technique contained in Geographic Information System is applied. And from this technique, the software. that can execute new change detection algorithm, query, inquiry and analysis, is produced. This software is on the basis of graphic user interface and has many functions such as format conversion, grid calculation, statistical processing, display and reference. In this study, simultaneously change detection for multi-temporal satellite images can be performed and integrated one change image about four different periods was produced. Further more software user can acquire land cover change information for an specific area through querying and questioning about yearly changes. Finally making of every application module for change detection into one window based visual basic program, can be produced user convenience and automatic performances.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.2_2
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• pp.327-338
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• 2018

The possibility of ship detection monitoring at operational level using KOMPSAT-5 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) data is investigated. For the analysis, the KOMPSAT-5 SLC images, which are collected from the west coast of Shinjin port and the northern coast of Jeju port are used along with portable AIS data from near the coast. The ship detection algorithm based on HVAS (Human Visual Attention System) was applied, which has significant advantages in terms of detection speed and accuracy compared to the commonly used CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate). As a result of the integrated analysis, the ship detection from KOMPSAT-5 and AIS were generally consistent except for small vessels. Some ships detected in KOMPSAT-5 but not in AIS are due to the data absence from AIS, while it is clearly visible in KOMPSAT-5. Meanwhile, SAR imagery also has some false alarms due to ship wakes, ghost effect, and DEM error (or satellite orbit error) during object masking in land. Improving the developed ship detection algorithm and collecting reliable AIS data will contribute for building wide integrated surveillance system of marine territory at operational level.