• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1362-1368
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• 2020

Purpose. In this study, The change of the accommodation function due to the use of a smartphone was objectively evaluated using an Auto Refractokeratometer and was to investigate the effect of accommodation response and microfluctuations of accommodation on stable fatigue. Methods. Twenty subjects (20 males, 20 females) who had no abnormalities in ophthalmic disease and strabismus, diplopia, suppression, convergence and ocular movement, and corrected visual acuity and unaided visual acuity of 0.8 or more were performed. The average age of the participants is (21.78 ± 1.78) years old. The refractive power of the eye was measured using an Auto Refractokeratometer (Speedy-i K-model, Righton Mfg Co. Tokyo Japan), and the equivalent spherical power was automatically calculated from the measured refractive power. The accommodation response amount was calculated for the accommodation stimulation amount in 8 steps in 0.5D increments from + 0.50D to -3.00D in the calculated equivalent spherical power. The microfluctuations of accommodation in the high frequency region was calculated according to the change in the amount of the accommodation stimulus. At this time, the spectral power of the microfluctuations of accommodation was analyzed by Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). Results. After using the smartphone, it was found that the accommodation response to accommodation stimulation decreased and the microfluctuations of accommodation increased. Conclusions. It can be said that the use of a smartphone affects the accommodation response and the microfluctuations of accommodation, thereby causing a accommodative stable fatigue. Therefore, it is thought that the use of a smartphone for a long time may bring about a change in the accommodation function.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.43-51
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• 2011

Objectives : This study reports one case of a patient diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastasis. Methods : A 79 year-old male patient diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastasis was treated chemotherapy for 3 months and quitted it due to poor general condition. He transferred to Korean medicine hospital and was treated herbal medicine(Saengmaek-san plus Baekhapgogeum-tang gagam), acupuncture, moxibustion, interferential current therapy. To evaluate the patient, we measured of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung (FACT-L), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue). Results : Patient's outcomes were improved during the 1st week regarding VAS (41${\rightarrow}$25), FACT-L (81.2${\rightarrow}$90), FACIT-fatigue (25${\rightarrow}$10). However, dyspnea and cough were was aggravated in the 2nd week. Conclusions : Treatment with Korean medicine therapy may have substantial benefit for patients with end-stage lung cancer. But, Integrated medicine therapy is necessary for proper management of end-stage cancer patients.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.18-27
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• 2010

Purpose: This study is to identify the muscle fatigue and pain by various cervical positions in the VDT work. Methods: Twenty two volunteers (11 males and 11 females) participated in this study. Each subject gazes monitor in front of them for thirty minutes in the three cervical positions (neutral, 30 degree flexed, and 30 degree extended positions). Visual analogue scale (VAS) for the pain and pressure pain threshold(PPT) of the trapezius and levator scapula for the muscle fatigue were measured every fifteen minutes. Results: VASs after 15 minutes were $1.23{\pm}0.43$ in neutral, $3.0{\pm}0.93$ in flexed, and $5.27{\pm}1.03$ in extended position respectively and increased to $1.5{\pm}0.67$, $4.59{\pm}1.26$, and $7.73{\pm}0.98$ after 30 minutes. The order of magnitude of VAS was extended, flexed, and neutral position(p<0.01). PPTs in both sides of upper trapezius and levator scapula muscles were decreased at the three positions after 15 and 30 minutes respectively(p<0.01). There were no statistical differences of PPTs in neutral and flexed positions after 15 and 30 minutes(p<0.01). Extended position showed lowest PPTs in both side of upper trapezius and levator scapula muscles after 15 and 30 minutes(p<0.01). There were statistical differences of PPTs in extended position and the other two positions after 15 and 30 minutes(p<0.01). Conclusion: The cervical position that has the most influence on the cervical muscle fatigue and pain in the VDT work is extended position.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.937-942
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• 2008

This paper presents a case history on failures of impeller and shaft due to pressure pulsation at single stage feed water pumps in 700 MW nuclear power plant during commissioning operation. The pumps had been service and had run for approximately $40{\sim}50$ hours. For the most part, the failures of impeller occurred with the presence of a number of fatigue cracks. All cracks were associated with the deleterious surface layer of impeller by visual and metallurgical examination. On-site testing and analytical approach was performed on the systems to diagnose the problem and develop a solution to reduce the effect of exciting sources. A major concern at high-energy centrifugal pump is the pressure pulsation created from trailing edge of the Impeller blade, flow separation and recirculation at centrifugal pumps of partial load. Pressure pulsation due to the interaction generating between impeller and casing coincided with natural frequencies of the impeller and shaft system during 1ow load operation. It was identified that dynamic stress exceeding the fatigue strength of the material at the thin shroud section due to the hydraulic instability at running condition below BEP.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 1997

Objectives : The behavioral and physiological effects following low doses and high doses of melatonin have not been fully explored. In this study the authors investigated the nature and extent of the hypnotic effects, oral temperature, blood pressure effects, performance effects and subjective feelings following the acute administration of low pharmacological oral doses of melatonin at mid-day. Methods : Thirty-five healthy young medical students were randomly assigned to receive 6mg of oral melatonin(N=11), 12mg of oral melatonin(N=12) or a placebo(N=12) in a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Measures of the behavioral and physiological effects used in the study were Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Trail test and visual analogue scale for subjective feelings. Oral temperature and blood pressure were measured. The subjects were studied between 10:00 and 16:00 hours. Data were analyzed by using repeated-measures analyses of variance(ANOVA). Results: Melatonin produced statistically significant effects on oral temperature, but there were no significant effects on time and the $dose{\times}time$ interaction. There was a significant difference on oral temperature between the 12mg oral melatonin group and the placebo group at 12:00 and 16:00 hours, but no significant difference between the 12mg and the 6mg oral melatonin groups. Melatonin produced a dose-related increase in subjective sleepiness and had significant effects on time, the $dose{\times}time$ interaction. There was a significant difference on subjective sleepiness among the placebo, 6mg, 12mg oral melatonin groups at 13:00-16:00 hours. Melatonin did not produce statistically significant dose-related effects on subjective fatigue but produced significant effects on time and the $dose{\times}time$ interaction. There was a significant difference on subjective fatigue between the 12mg, the 6mg oral melatonin groups and the placebo group at 13:00 hour. Conclusions : These data indicated that acute administration of melatonin at mid-day increased subjective sleepiness and fatigue but decreased oral temperatures. These effects were shown especially in 12mg oral melatonin group.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.176-191
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to find the effects of the eccentric exercise induced delayed muscle soreness on proprioception, muscle strength, muscle fatigue, and muscle pain of the elbow flexor muscles. Thirty one healthy male subjects were participated in this study. Before resisted eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors and immediately and at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-exercise, pain threshold, proprioception, tension tracking, initial median frequency, and fatigue index were measured. Pain pressure threshold and visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure muscle pain. Proprioception of the elbow joint was measured by using 3 dimension motion analysis system. Maximum isometric contraction was measured by using digital tensiometer. Electromyography and power spectrum analysis was used to measure initial median frequency (IMF) and fatigue index (FI). Immediately post-exercise, a significant decrease pain threshold was observed that continued to 5 days post-exercise. VAS score was significantly increased at 1 and 3 days post-exercise compared to that of immediately post-exercise. Maximum isometric contraction, IMF, tension tracking ability of the exercised elbow joint were significantly decreased at 1, 3, and 5 days post-exercise compared to that of pre-exercise. FI was significantly increased at 1 and 3 days post-exercise compared that of pre-exercise. Proprioception sense of exercised elbow joint was significantly decreased immediately and at 1, 3, and 5 days post-exercise compared to that of pre-exercise. Proprioception sense of the contralateral elbow joint was significantly decreased immediately post-exercise compared to that of pre-exercise. However, proprioception sense that was measured in close chain kinematic position was not significantly difference between pre-exercise and post-exercise. These results could be useful to determine the resume time for exercising and participating sports activities.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 2019

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of HBOT (hyperbaric oxygen therapy) on the pain, ROM (range of motion) and muscle fatigue recovery of DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness). Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods: Twenty-six subjects who are student in their 20s at a university participated in this study, these subjects were assigned into two groups, a control group (n=12) and an experiment group (n=14). The subjects in experimental group were intervened by HBOT (40 minutes, 1.3 ATA), while ones on control group weren't by any intervention after induced DOMS. Results: First, in the comparison of VAS (visual analog scale), there were significant variations with the period (p<0.001), interaction of period (p<0.05) and group (p<0.05). In the comparison of PPT (pressure pain threshold), there were significant variations with the period (p<0.001) and interaction of period (p<0.05). Second, in the comparison of ROM, there were significant variations with the period (p<0.001), interaction of period (p<0.001) and group (p<0.01). Third, in the comparison of CK (creatine kinase) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), there no signigicant variations with all measure variables. Conclusion: The above results indicated that HBOT were effective to decrease the pain and improve the ROM in DOMS. Also the statistical significant variations of blood factors of muscle fatigue were not found in this.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.112-122
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using socks combined with EMS on ankle pain reduction and ankle function improvement in home training participants. In this study, the conductive fabric was combined using socks that can properly compress the ankle. First, VAS was measured during EMS training after fatigue was induced and compared with fatigue during rest. It was confirmed that the level of VAS after EMS training was lower than after rest and fatigue. It was also confirmed that EMS training, which combines EMS with socks, was effective in reducing pain. The experimental action is a measurement action of WBLT and lying posture, and the situation before and after EMS training was compared by performing 30 minutes on the treadmill to cause delayed muscle pain during exercise. As a result of this study, it was found that pain reduction and ROM function were improved when electrical stimulation was performed using EMS socks. It was also confirmed that the application of electrical stimulation to EMS socks effected on ankle fatigue and function improvement. From the study results, it is expected that wearing socks equipped with EMS significantly reduces ankle injuries and improves functional recovery for home training participants.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of continuing work on VDT(video display terminal), therefore this study examined visual fatigue, unaided visual acuity, refractive error, accommodation and horizontal phoria of 152 subjects who did two hour long VDT work. For the ocular symptoms, the greatest number was tired eyes accounting for 45.71%. In the visual symptoms, blurred vision was the hightest rate of 80.39% and in case of systemic symptoms shoulder pain was 33.33% marked top ranking. The average of near visual acuity decresed almost 10% from 0.47 to 0.42, but refractive error increased about 0.10D to the direction of myopic shift. The amplitude of accommodation decreased approximately 0.72D from 7.46D to 6.74D. Accommodation facility was delayed from 2.27 second to 2.50 second, the amplitude of positive relative accommodation was decreased from 4.76D to 4.16D and the amplitude of negative relative accommodation was decreased from 2.46D to 2.33D. The horizontal phoria shifted to the direction of esophoria from $1.82{\Delta}$ to $3.24{\Delta}$.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.70-75
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• 2022

With the spread of various digital devices, devices have become commonplace in modern society. Moreover, due to the increase in device usage and online learning while staying indoors during the COVID-19 pandemic, symptoms such as an increase in myopia in children due to eye fatigue, an increase in young presbyopia, and dry eye syndrome are increasing, and now people are paying attention to eye health. This is different from before. There are various prescriptions for eye health, but in this paper, we would like to propose a training method for enhancing visual function using VR contents. The analog methods of the existing teaching aids for visual function reinforcement training were planned and produced as digital contents, and VR-based training contents were selected from among the various methods carried out with teaching aids at the visual function training center, which can be made into contents. was developed with In the training process for each content, it was proposed to apply eye tracking to the VR device in order to give the user feedback on their participation in the training so that the management and concentration of the training process could be analyzed.