• 한국패류학회지
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• 제16권1_2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2000

아프리카왕달팽이 Achatina fulica의 내장신경 절과 우체벽신경절은 좌, 우 양반구로 구성된 나비모습을 하고 있으며, 이들 신경절의 피질부와 수질부의 표피부위에는 신경세포가 밀집되어 있는 반면 중앙부위에는 신경섬유가 망상형으로 신경망을 구성하고 있었다. 두 신경절의 피질부 및 수질부에 위치한 신경세포들은 초대형신경세포(200 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 이상)와 대형신경세포(직경 60-70 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 이상), 중형신경세포(직경 30-40 $\mu\textrm{m}$) 그리고 소형신경세포(직경 10-15 $\mu\textrm{m}$) 등 4종류로 구분할 수 있었다. 초대형 및 대형신경세포는 20-22개 정도로 매우 소수가 관찰된 반면, 중형신경세포(약 400-500개)와 소형신경세포(약 700-800개)는 다수가 관찰되었다. AB/AY 이중염색반응에서 초대형 신경세포는 light Yellow cell(LYC)로, 대형 및 중형신경세포는 yellow green cell (YGC)과 dark green cell(DGC) 등 두 종류로 그리고 소형신경세포는 yellow cell(YC)과 blue cell(BC) 등으로 각각 확인되었다. Somatostatin 면역염색반응에서 양성반응을 나타낸 DGC는 성장조절물질 분비의 억제에 관여하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 초대형 및 대형신경세포는 신경분비기능 이외 포식작용을 수행하는 것으로 각각 확인되었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2001

아프리카 왕달팽이 (Achatina fulica)의 내장신경절(visceral ganglion)과 우 체 벽신경절(right parietal ganglion)을 투과전자현미경을 통해 관찰한 결과 5종류(type-A, B, C, D 그리고 E)의 신경분비세포(neurosecretory cell)와 그 주위를 둘러싸고 있는 신경망 등이 관찰되었다. A형 세포(직경 $35{\mu}m$)는 두 신경절의 피질부에서 가장 많이 관찰된 삼각형 또는 불규칙한 세포로서, 세포질에는 직경 $1{\mu}m$인 큰 과립과 $0.1{\mu}m$정도인 작은 둥근과립들이 관찰되었다. 또한 작은 과립들은 전자밀도가 높은 과립과 전자밀도가 중등도인 과립 등 두 종류로 구분되었다. B형 세포(직경 $19\times12{\mu}m$)는 두 신경절의 피질부와 수질부의 여러 부위에서 고르게 관찰된 세포로서 A형 신경분비세포와 그 형태가 비슷하였다. 세포질 내에는 $0.1{\mu}m$정도 크기의 전자밀도가 높은 과립들로 가득찬 반면 둥글고 큰 과립(직경 $0.7{\mu}m$정도)들은 드물게 관찰되었다. C형 세포는 크기가 $8\times6{\mu}m$정도인 가장 작은 세포로서, $6\times5{\mu}m$정도인 큰 핵을 소지하고 있었다. 세포질에는 $0.23{\mu}m$정도인 전자밀도가 높은 과립들로 가득차 있었는데, 이들은 $0.03{\mu}m$정도 크기의 작은 과립들이 둥글게 모여 있는 특이한 형태였다. D형 세포는 $28\times20{\mu}m$정도 크기의 중형세포서, 타원형 또는 불규칙한 형태를 보였다. 이들은 두 신경절의 수질부와 피질부 중, 피질부에서 가장 많은 수가 관찰되었다. 세포질은 전자밀도가 높아 어둡게 관찰되고 직경 $1.6{\mu}m$와 $0.6{\mu}m$인 두 종의 둥근 과립들이 관찰되었다. E형 세포는 크기가 $100\times50{\mu}m$정도인 대형세포로서 두 신경절의 상단부와 중앙부위에서 드물게 나타났다. 핵은 $70\times30{\mu}m$정도로 세포질 대비 매우 컸다. 이들은 다양한 크기의 전자밀도가 높은 둥근 과립(직경 $1\sim0.2{\mu}m$)을 소지하고 있었으며, 세포의 표면은 여러 형태의 사상족(filopodia)들을 뻗어 노쇠한 세포들을 포식하였다. 신경망(neuropiles)들은 신경분비세포를 둘러싸고 있었으며, 신경섬유 속에서 다양한 종류의 연접소포들(synaptic vesicles)이 관찰되었는데, 전자밀도, 크기 그리고 모양에 따라 6종류로 분류되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2010

Chronic perineal pain is an often encountered problem, which produces a great degree of functional impairment and frustration to the patient and a challenge to the treating physician. The reason for this problem is that the region contains diverse anatomic structures with mixed somatic, visceral and autonomic innervations affecting bladder and bowel control and sexual function. A blockade of nociceptive and sympathetic supply to the perineal region, supplied through the ganglion impar has been shown to benefit patients with chronic perineal pain. Several options to this block have been described that chemical neurolysis, radiofrequency ablation etc. Although the analgesic effect of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has long been considered secondary to its action for muscle relaxation, BoNT-A also affects the release of the neurotransmitters that are involved in pain perception. We describe a patient who was successfully given ganglion impar block with BoNT-A.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.171-176
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• 1988

It is well known that the celiac plexus block is specially useful for relieve intractable upper abdominal pain caused by upper abdominal visceral malignancy or upper abdominal metastasis from distant organs. But in cases of lower abdominal or pelvic metastasis from upper abdominal malignancy, the lower abdominal intractable pain is remained after the successful celiac plexus block. We have reported 7 cases of celiac plexus block combined with lumbar sympathetic ganglion block, among the 305 cases of the celiac plexus block from 1968 to Nov. 1987, performed in patients with lower abdominal or back pain due to carcinomatosis of lower abdominal metastatic malignancy, that their results were excellent for pain relief.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.238-241
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• 1999

Intractable pain arising from disorders of the viscera and somatic structures within the pelvis and perineum often poses difficult problems for the pain pratitioner. The reason for this difficulty is that the region contains diverse anatomic structures with mixed somatic, visceral, and autonomic innervation affecting bladder and bowel control and sexual function. Clinically, sympathetic pain in the perineum has a distinctly vague, burning, and poorly localized quality and is frequently associated with the sensation of urgency. Although various approaches have been proposed for the management of intractable perineal pain, their efficacy and applications are limited. Historically, neurolytic blockade in this region has been focused mainly on somatic rather than sympathetic components. The efficacy of neurolytic ganglion impar block has been demonstrated in treating perineal pain without significant somatovisceral dysfunctions for patient with advanced cancer in 1990. The introduction of superior hypogastric plexus block in 1990 demonstrated its effectiveness in patients with cancer related pelvic pain. In our report, five patients had advanced cancer (rectal caner 3; cervix cancer 1; metastases to sacral portion of renal cell cancer 1). Localized perineal pain was present in all cases and was characterized as burning and urgent with 9~10/10 pain intensity. After neurolytic block of ganglion impar, patients experiened incomplete pain reduction (7~8/10), as determined by the VAS (visual analogue scale), and change in pain site. We then treated with superior hypogastric plexus block, which produced satisfactory pain relief (to less than 4/10), without complication.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2002

Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is usually diagnosed in the newborn period and early infancy. The common presentation of HD in newborns consists of a history of delayed passage of meconium within the first 48 hours of life. The differential diagnosis in newborns is one of the clinical challenges of this disorder. A number of medical conditions which cause functional obstruction of the intestines are easily excluded. Neonates with meconium ileus, meconium plug syndrome, distal ileal atresia and low imperforate anus often present in a manner similar to those with HD in the first few days of life. Abdominal radiographs may help to diagnose complete obstruction such as intestinal atresia. Microcolon on contrast enema can be shown in cases with total colonic aganglionosis, ileal atresia or meconium ileus. Suction rectal biopsy or frozen section biopsy at operation is essential for differential diagnosis in such cases. HD is also considered in any child who has a history of constipation regardless of age. Older children with functional constipation may have symptoms that resemble those of HD and contrast enema is usually diagnostic. However, children with other motility disorders generally referred to as chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction present with very similar symptoms and radiographic findings. These disorders are classified according to their histologic characteristics.; visceral myopathy, visceral neuropathy, intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND), hypoganglionosis, immature ganglia, internal sphincter achalasia. Therefore, the workup for motility disorders should include rectal biopsy not only to confirm the presence of ganglion cells but also evaluate the other pathologic conditions.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.37-40
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• 2002

Ascidians are lower chordates, and their tadpole-like larvae share a basic body plan with vertebrates. To study photoreceptive systems in ascidians, we have isolated and characterized cDNA clones for three opsins, five G protein ${\alpha}$ subunits (G${\alpha}$), catalytic and regulatory subunits of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE), and arrestin from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis tadpole larva. Ci-opsin1 and Ci-opsin2 are vertebrate-type opsins, while Ci-opsin3 is a retinal photoisomerase similar to retinochrome and mammalian RGR. Both Ci-opsin1 and arrestin are specifically localized in the photoreceptor cells of the ocellus, whereas Ci -opsin2 is not expressed in the photoreceptors, but is co-localized in another population of neurons in the brain with PDE (Ci-PDE9 and Ci-PDE$\delta$). Ci-opsin3 is present in the entire region of the brain. Though five different cDNAs encoding Ga have been cloned, no transducin-type G protein has been found yet. Interestingly, one of G${\alpha}$i isoform is conspicuously expressed in the entire region of the brain. The Ci-opsin3 gene expression was observed in a broad area of the brain vesicle as well as in the visceral ganglion. Genes encoding ascidian homologs of CRALBP and ${\beta}$-CD, whose function is required for the mammalian visual cycle, are co-expressed with Ci-opsin3 in the brain vesicle and visceral ganglion. Localization of Ci-opsin3, CRALBP, and ${\beta}$-CD in a broad area of the brain suggests that the brain of the ascidian larva has a visual cycle system similar to that of the vertebrate RPE. Based on these data, we discuss the evolution of vertebrate visual systems.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2008

The Zic family is a group of genes encoding zinc finger proteins that are highly expressed in the mammalian cerebellum. Zic genes are the vertebrate homologue of Drosophila pair-rule gene, odd-paired(opa), which plays important roles in the parasegmental subdivision as well as in the visceral mesoderm development of Drosophila embryos. Recent studies on human, mouse, frog, fish and ascidian Zic homologues support that Zic genes are involved in a variety of developmental processes, including neurogenesis, myogenesis, skeletal patterning, and left-right axis establishment. In an effort to explore possible functions of Zic proteins during vertebrate embryogenesis, we initially examined more detailed expression pattern of zebrafish homologue of zic3(zic3z). zic3z transcripts are detected in the neuroectoderm, neural plate, dorsal neural tube, and brain regions including eye field during early embryonic development. Marker DNA studies found that zic3z transcription is modulated by BMP, Wnt, and Nodal signals particularly in the dorsal and vegetal neuroectoderm at gastrula. Interfering with zic3z translation with zic3z-specific morpholino causes abnormal brain formation and expansion of the optic stalk cells. Retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) undergo abnormal neuronal differentiation. These findings suggest that zic3z defines the dorsal and vegetal neuroectoderm to specify brain formation and retinal neurogenesis during early embryonic development.