• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.138-141
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• 2008

Cucumber is high valued cash crop, for it is grown during the winter season in plastic house. Recently, virus disease spread widely in cucumber growing area and cause severe income loss. Therefore, occurrence of virus disease on cucumber were surveyed from 2004 to 2006 in Sangju and Gunwi area, Gyeongbuk province. The rate of plastic house which has infected plants was $55.0{\sim}88.6%$. Infection rate was the highest at Sangju in 2006 than others and ranged from 15 to 90.0% per plastic house. The 217 samples showing virus symptom were analyzed by RT-PCR using appropriate detection primer. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus(ZYMV) has the highest infection rate(detected over 85%) and followed by Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus(CGMMV). But Watermelon mosaic virus-2(WMV-2) was not detected in our survey. Therefore, we conclude that ZYMV is major pathogene of virus disease on cucumber. ZYMV induced chlorosis and severe mosaic on the leaves and distortion on the surface of fruits.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.390-398
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• 2024

The Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis syn. S. sieboldii) is a widely cultivated crop, and its rhizome is used as a medicinal vegetable. To investigate the causes of viral diseases in Chinese artichokes, the infection rates of four virus species infecting Chinese artichoke were investigated. Since the Chinese artichoke propagates through its tuber, this study aimed to determine whether viral transmission to the progeny is possible through the tuber, by identifying the virus present in the tuber and investigating its accumulation. First, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to detect viruses using total RNA extracted from the flowers, leaves, and tubers of Chinese artichoke plants. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Chinese artichoke mosaic virus (ChAMV) had high infectivity in Chinese artichoke and most plants were simultaneously infected with AMV and ChAMV. These viruses were present in all tissues, but their detection frequency and accumulation rates varied across different tissues of the Chinese artichoke. Also, we sequenced the coat protein (CP) genes of AMV and ChAMV to investigate genetic variations of virus between the leaf and tuber. It provides information on CP gene sequences and genetic diversity of isolates identified from new hosts of AMV and ChAMV. This study offers valuable insights into the distribution and spread of the ChAMV and AMV within Chinese artichoke plants, which have implications for the management and control of viral infections in crops.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.465-479
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• 2017

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an economically important horticultural crop in Korea; however, various diseases, including Phytophthora root rot, anthracnose, powdery mildew, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), severely affect their productivity and quality. Therefore, pepper varieties with resistance to multiple diseases are highly desired. In this study, we developed 20 SNP type assays for three pepper populations using Fluidigm nanofluidic dynamic arrays. A total of 4,608 data points can be produced with a 192.24 dynamic array consisting of 192 samples and 24 SNP markers. The assays were converted from previously developed sequence-tagged-site (STS) markers and included markers for resistance to Phytophthora root rot (M3-2 and M3-3), anthracnose (CcR9, CA09g12180, CA09g19170, CA12g17210, and CA12g19240), powdery mildew (Ltr4.1-40344, Ltr4.2-56301, and Ltr4.2-585119), bacterial spot (Bs2), CMV (Cmr1-2), PMMoV (L4), and PepMoV (pvr1 and pvr2-123457), as well as for capsaicinoids content (qcap3.1-40134, qcap6.1-299931, qcap6.1-589160, qdhc2.1-1335057, and qdhc2.2-43829). In addition, 11 assays were validated through a comparison with the corresponding data of the STS markers. Furthermore, we successfully applied the assays to commercial $F_1$ cultivars and to our breeding lines. These 20 SNP type assays will be very useful for developing new superior pepper varieties with resistance to multiple diseases and a higher content of capsaicinoids for increased pungency.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.395-408
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• 2007

This study reports the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing property of alcoholic extract of Ophiorrhiza nicobarica (ON), a wild herb, used as an anti-infective ethnomedicine of Nicobarese and Shompen tribes of Great Nicobar Island, India. We for the first time investigated the analgesic and antiinflammatory potential of this herb in acute, subacute and chronic model of inflammation in Swiss albino mice and Wistar albino rats, along with sheep RBC-induced sensitivity and membrane stabilization. The acetic acid induced writhing, tail flick and tail immersion tests are used as a model for evaluating analgesic activity; while the carrageenin-induced paw oedema was used as the model for acute inflammation, dextran-induced oedema as sub-acute and cotton-pellateinduced granuloma as chronic inflammatory model. The probable mode by which ON mediate its effect on inflammatory conditions was studied on sheep RBC-induced sensitivity and membrane stabilization. The in vitro results revealed that the ON extract possesses significant (P < 0.05) dose dependent analgesic and antiinflammatory activity at 200 and 300 mg/kg and its fractions at 50 mg/kg, p.o. respectively, compared to the control groups. However, the extract failed to exhibit membrane-stabilizing property as it unable to reduce the level of haemolysis of RBC exposed to hypotonic solution. The acute toxicity studies of ON extract in rats and mice revealed that the extract was nontoxic even up to 3.0 g/kg body weight of the animals, with a high safety profile. We have isolated ursolic acid, ${\beta}$-sitosterol and harmaline respectively, from the bioactive part of the extract. The results indicated that the O. nicobarica is indeed beneficial in primary health care, and suggest that its anti-inflammatory activity may not be related to membrane-stabilization.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.151-161
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• 2004

Transgenic plants have been studied as delivery system for edible vaccine against various diseases. Edible plant vaccines have several potential advantages as follows: an inexpensive source of antigen, easy administration, reduced need for medical personnel, economical to mass produce and easy transport, heat-stable vaccine without refrigerator, generation of systemic and mucosal immunity and safe antigen without fetal animal-virus contaminants. The amount of recombinant antigens in transgenic plants ranged from 0.002 to 0.8％ in total soluble protein, depending on promoters for the expression of interested genes and plants to be used for transformation. Throughout the last decade, edible plant vaccine made notable progresses that protect from challenges against virus or bacteria. However edible plant vaccines have still problems that could be solved. First, the strong promoter or inducible promoter or strategy of protein targeting could be solved to improve the low expression of antigens in transgenic plants. Second, the transformation technique of target plant should be developed to be able to eat uncooked. Third, marker-free vector could be constructed to be more safety. In this review we describe advances of edible plant vaccines, focusing on the yields depending on plants/promoters employed and the results of animal/clinical trials, and consider further research for the development of a new plant-derived vaccine.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of honeybee (Apis mellifera) diseases in Gwangju area. From November 2016 to August 2017, 89 samples were collected from 33 apiculture farms and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real time PCR were conducted. 14 infectious pathogens, including seven viruses, two bacteria, three fungi, and two parasites, were investigated from random apiculture farms in Gwangju. The percentage of infectious pathogens were as follows: Stonebrood (76.4%), Deformed wing virus (51.7%), Nosema (27.0%) in PCR and RT-PCR. This result indicated that Stonebrood was most prevalent disease in Gwangju area. And we could get similar results from real time PCR. 84.8% of farms have more than two of infectious pathogens. Stonebrood and Deformed wing virus were major diseases in almost all seasons and Black queen cell virus disease was especially prevalent in May.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.688-695
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• 2021

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has become a global health concern. Various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been developed and are being used for vaccination worldwide. However, no therapeutic agents against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed so far; therefore, new therapeutic agents are urgently needed. In the present study, we evaluated several hepatitis C virus direct-acting antivirals as potential candidates for drug repurposing against COVID-19. Theses include asunaprevir (a protease inhibitor), daclatasvir (an NS5A inhibitor), and sofosbuvir (an RNA polymerase inhibitor). We found that asunaprevir, but not sofosbuvir and daclatasvir, markedly inhibited SARS-CoV-2-induced cytopathic effects in Vero E6 cells. Both RNA and protein levels of SARS-CoV-2 were significantly decreased by treatment with asunaprevir. Moreover, asunaprevir profoundly decreased virion release from SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. A pseudoparticle entry assay revealed that asunaprevir blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection at the binding step of the viral life cycle. Furthermore, asunaprevir inhibited SARS-CoV-2 propagation in human lung Calu-3 cells. Collectively, we found that asunaprevir displays broad-spectrum antiviral activity and therefore might be worth developing as a new drug repurposing candidate for COVID-19.

• Entomological Research
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.522-532
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• 2018

As the vector-borne diseases rapidly increased due to climate change, we investigated the incidence of flavivirus occurrence among female mosquito species in urban and rural study sites in Daegu and Gunwi, South Korea using Realtime PCR. We collected more individuals and more species of mosquito in 2016 than in 2015. In 2015, we recorded a total of 22,033 mosquitoes (Trap Index, 224.8) representing 10 species from 5 genera, whereas in 2016, a total of 27,137 mosquitoes (Trap Index, 278.7) representing 13 species from 6 genera were collected. The number of mosquitoes in 2016 was higher in all study sites, except in the migratory bird habitats where the number decreased. Of the 14 species collected over the two years, Aedes vexans nipponii and Anopheles spp. were dominant in the cowsheds in rural farmland; Culex pipiens complex, in urban residential areas; and, Anopheles spp. and Cu. pipiens complex in migratory bird habitats caught in a black light trap. Cu. pipiens complex and Ae. albopictus in urban parks and Ae. albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus in migratory bird habitats were the dominant species caught in BG-sentinel traps. We found that the number of mosquitoes was highest during July-September. We analyzed 1,725 pools to detect flavivirus, where Chaoyang virus was detected among Ae. vexans niponii collected from cowsheds in rural farmland in 2016. The increased number of mosquitoes recorded in 2016 was mainly due to increased temperatures in the study areas, and reflected the change in study sites.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.7.1-7.6
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• 2024

Bird species, particularly poultry and other bird types, including domestic pigeons, are susceptible to fowl pox, a contagious viral disease. The main goal of this study was to validate clinical avipoxvirus diagnoses using molecular analytical methods. The essential components of the investigation were the clinical signs, visible abnormalities, histological changes, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Twenty out of 120 pigeons had clinical symptoms, which included yellowish crust or nodules near the feet, eyes, and beak. An erosive epidermal lesion and an epidermal acanthotic papular lesion with basal vacuolation were maculopapular evidence associated with significant epidermal hyperkeratosis, as confirmed by histological analysis. In addition, the results showed keratinocyte necrosis beneath the hyperkeratotic epidermal layer, together with superficial and deep dermal perivascular lymphocytic infiltration. In addition, the P4b core protein gene underwent phylogenetic analysis. The sequence analysis results indicated a high degree of similarity across the local strains, with just minor variations observed. Five sample sequences were selected and submitted to the NCBI database. These sequences were identified as OR187728, OR187729, OR187730, OR187731, and OR187732. All the various strains in this research may be classified under clade A of the chicken pox virus phylogenetic classification. This study presents the first description and characterization of pox virus infections in domestic pigeons inside the Basrah governorate.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2014

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association between respiratory virus infection and pneumococcal colonization in children. Methods: From May 2009 to June 2010, nasopharyngeal (NP) aspirates were obtained from patients under 18 years old who visited Seoul National University Children's Hospital for respiratory symptoms. NP samples were used to detect respiratory viruses (influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, adenovirus, rhinovirus A/B, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus 229E/NL63 and OC43/HKU1) by RT-PCR and pneumococcus by culture. Results: Median age of the patients was 27 months old. A total of 1,367 NP aspirates were tested for respiratory viruses and pneumococcus. Pneumococcus was isolated from 228 (16.7%) of samples and respiratory viruses were detected from 731 (53.5%). Common viruses were rhinovirus (18.4%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A (10.6%), adenovirus (6.9%), influenza virus A (6.8%). Pneumococcal isolation rate was significantly higher in the cases of positive virus detection than negative detection [21.3% (156/731) vs. 11.3% (72/636), P <0.001]. For individual viruses, pneumococcal isolation rate was positively associated with detection of influenza virus A [24.7% (23/93) vs 16.1% (205/1274), P=0.001], RSV A [28.3% (41/145) vs 15.3% (187/1222), P=0.001], RSV B [31.3% (10/32) vs 16.3% (218/1335), P=0.042], rhinovirus A/B [22.6% (57/252) vs 15.3% (171/1115), P=0.010]. Conclusion: The study revealed that pneumococcal isolation from NP aspirates is related with respiratory virus detection. The result of this study could be used to investigate how respiratory viruses and pneumococcus cause clinical diseases.