• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.582-588
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• 2005

Digital imaging is emerging as a standard method for patient documentation in clinical setting. Managing patient expectations before aesthetic surgery can greatly improve patient satisfaction after surgery. The patient who visited for plastic surgery wants a predicted figure after the operation. A virtual plastic surgery software is necessary in order to satisfy the desire of patients. Adobe $Photoshop^{(R)}$ is the professional standard in desktop digital imaging, offers indispensable new features for graphic and web design, photography, and video. Using imaging technology, it takes just minutes to realistically simulate the results of double eyelid operation, liposuction, rhinoplasty or any other aesthetic procedure. The aim of this study is to analyze the significance of the digital image processing and to introduce the virtual plastic surgery using Adobe $Photoshop^{(R)}$.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.737-744
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• 2009

본 논문은 한국 표준 얼굴 데이터를 바탕으로 제작한 3D 얼굴 모델을 활용하여 성형 수술 전후의 모습을 비교하여 성형 수술의 만족도를 높이는 웅용 프로그랭인 3D 가장 얼굴 성형 시스댐에 대한 연구 및 구현이다. 이 연구를 위하여 2D 개인 얼굴 이미지와 3D 한국인 표준 모델을 활용하여, 2D 이미지 상의 사용자의 실제 얼굴과 똑같은 3D 얼굴 모델을 구현한다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 3D 가상 얼굴 성형 시스템은 얼굴 모텔의 기본이 되는 3D 한국인 표준 얼굴 모델에 2D 개인 얼굴 이미지로부터 추출한 개인 특성 정보를 적용함으로서 3D 얼굴 모델링 시스템을 구현하고 3D 얼굴의 사실성올 높이는 텍스처 맴핑 및 구축된 얼굴을 활용하여 성형 수술 후의 얼굴의 변화를 나타내는 3D 얼굴 성형 시스댐 등으로 구성되어 있다. 제안된 3D 가상 얼굴 성형 시스템은 정확한 개인 얼굴 모델링 방법을 제공하고, 성형 전후의 얼굴을 미세하게 조정하는 기능을 부여함으로써 현존하는 유사 시스템에 비교하여 성형 수술의 만족도와 안정성을 높이는 결과를 나타내었다.

• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.751-758
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• 2008

본 논문은 3D 그래픽 기술을 활용하여 사용자의 실제 모습과 같은 3D 얼굴 모델을 구현하고, 구현된 얼굴 모델을 활용하여 성형 시술 전과 후를 가상으로 비교함으로 성형수혜자의 만족도를 높이는 응용프로그램인 3D 가상 얼굴 성형 시스템에 대한 연구 및 구현이다. 사용자의 실물과 최대한 유사한 원형 3D 얼굴 모델링 제작을 위한 3D 모델링 기법과 피부를 표현하는 맵핑 기법, 그리고 데이터베이스 시스템을 사용한 얼굴 데이터의 저장 및 사용자 맞춤 가이드 시스템을 구현한다. 또한, 세부적인 미세 조정을 위한 변형 Controller를 구현하여 얼굴의 미세한 변화를 나타낼 수 있다. 본 논문에서 구현한 3D 얼굴 성형 시스템은 성형외과 등에서 사용되고 있는 이미지를 활용한 시스템에 비하여 정확성, 편리성, 만족도가 높은 결과를 보여주고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.365-368
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• 2023

The mentum plays an important role in the aesthetics of the face, and genioplasty is performed to improve an unbalance of the mentum. Among the various surgical approaches, setback genioplasty is used to create an aesthetic jaw-end appearance by moving the mentum backward when it protrudes more than normal. However, conventional setback genioplasty may be aesthetically disadvantageous because the profile of the mentum could become flat. This case study attempted to overcome the limitations of conventional setback genioplasty by rotating the position of the menton and pogonion. We devised a new method for setback genioplasty by rotating the segment anteroinferiorly. Using virtual surgery, we were able to specify the range of surgery more accurately and easily, and the surgery time was reduced. This case report showed the difference in chin soft tissue responses between conventional setback genioplasty and setback genioplasty with rotation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2010

Purpose: As the influence of mass media increases, the general standard of attractiveness or beauty of a face also changes. The primary purpose of the study is to find out the factors of the attractive and beautiful face recognized by public. Methods: We picked out standard model photography and operated with Adobe$^{(R)}$ Photoshop$^{(R)}$ and Monariza$^{(R)}$ virtual plastic surgery program. The contour of face, eye, nose, forehead, zygoma, chin and proportion of upper, middle, lower face were changed. The interview survey was conducted through structured standard photo for 310 respondents. That was utilized in the final analysis. Multiple regression analysis was executed by SPSS 12.0. It was used to deal with statistical data and all the other necessary analysis. Results: According to general characteristics of the respondents, many differences were found in preferred face and facial aesthetic subunits. The younger generation preferred the lozenge and inverted triangle shape contour. The respondents over 40 of age preferred the egg shape contour. In chin and zygoma contour, the respondents at the age of 20 preferred distinctly small chin and relatively small lower face. On the other hand, the respondents over 40 of age preferred the wide zygoma relatively. In the proportion of upper, middle, lower face, 51.0% of respondents answered 1 : 1 : 1. If they want to have an aesthetic operation, they preferred protruding forehead. Also they preferred the small chin and V-shaped chin in frontal view. Conclusion: Many respondents preferred to have a plastic surgery for the better facial subunit. The statistical evidence from this study suggests that the harmony and balance of facial aesthetic subunits make attractive and beautiful face.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 가상성형 시스템에 적합한 Radial Basis Function(RBF) 기반의 변형 기법과 변형된 얼굴 구성 요소를 얼굴 영상에 혼합하는 기법을 제시한다. 가상성형을 위한 변형 기법은 유동적인 얼굴 구성 요소들을 변형함에 있어 부드러움과 정확성을 가져야 하고 변형 부위 이외의 다른 얼굴 구성 요소에는 왜곡을 주지 않는 지역성도 가져야 한다. 이를 위해 제안된 가상성형 시스템은 자유형태 변형 모델을 기반으로 RBF에 의해 격자들의 변형 정도를 계산한다. 성형의 정확성을 위해 변형 오차는 기준곡선 정점들의 목표 위치와 실제 변형된 위치 사이의 오차제곱합을 이용하여 Singular Value Decomposition(SVD)에 의해 반복적으로 RBF 매핑 함수의 계수들을 계산하여 보정한다. 변형된 얼굴 구성 요소는 Euclidean Distance Transform(EDT)에 의해 계산된 혼합 비율을 사용하여 원본 얼굴 영상과 합성된다. 제안된 변형 기법과 합성 기법은 가상성형 결과의 정확도와 왜곡 측면에서 우수한 성능을 보인다는 것을 실험적으로 확인하였다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.723-723
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• 2021

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.70-77
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• 2020

Background As the demand for cosmetic surgery continues to rise, plastic surgery programs and the training core curriculum have evolved to reflect these changes. This study aims to evaluate the perceived quality of current cosmetic surgery training in terms of case exposure and educational methods. Methods A 16-question survey was sent to graduates who completed their training at a U.S. plastic surgery training program in 2017. The survey assessed graduates' exposure to cosmetic surgery, teaching modalities employed and their overall perceived competence. Case complexity was characterized by the minimum number of cases needed by the graduate to feel confident in performing the procedure. Results There was a 25% response rate. The majority of respondents were residents (83%, n=92) and the remaining were fellows (17%, n=18). Almost three quarters of respondents were satisfied with their cosmetic training. Respondents rated virtual training as the most effective learning modality and observing attendings' patients/cases as least effective. Perceived competence was more closely aligned with core curriculum status than case complexity, i.e. graduates feel more prepared for core cosmetic procedures despite being more technically difficult than non-core procedures. Conclusions Despite the variability in cosmetic exposure during training, most plastic surgery graduates are satisfied with their aesthetic training. Incorporation of teaching modalities, such as virtual training, can increase case exposure and allow trainees more autonomy. The recommended core curriculum is adequately training plastic surgery graduates for common procedures and more specialized procedures should be consigned to aesthetic fellowship training.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.518-523
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• 2021

Epignathus is a rare congenital orofacial teratoma that arises from the sphenoid region of the palate or the pharynx. It occurs in approximately 1:35,000 to 1:200,000 live births representing 2% to 9% of all teratomas. We present the case of a newborn of 39.4 weeks of gestation with a tumor that occupied the entire oral cavity. The patient was delivered by cesarean section. Oral resection was managed by pediatric surgery. Plastic surgery used virtual 3-dimensional models to establish the extension, and depth of the tumor. Bloc resection and reconstruction of the epignathus were performed. The mass was diagnosed as a mature teratoma associated with cleft lip and palate, nasoethmoidal meningocele that conditions hypertelorism, and a pseudomacrostoma. Tridimensional technology was applied to plan the surgical intervention. It contributed to a better understanding of the relationships between the tumor and the adjacent structures. This optimized the surgical approach and outcome.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.3-9
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• 2016

The reconstruction of the mandible is a complex procedure because various cosmetic as well as functional challenges must be addressed, including mastication and oral competence. Many surgical techniques have been described to address these challenges, including non-vascularized bone grafts, vascularized bone grafts, and approaches related to tissue engineering. This review summarizes different modifications of the free vascularized fibula graft, which, since its introduction by Hidalgo in 1989, has become the first option for mandibular reconstruction. The fibula free flap can undergo various modifications according to the individual requirements of a particular reconstruction. Osteocutaneous flaps can be harvested for reconstruction of composite defects. 'Double-barreling' of the fibula can, for instance, enable enhanced aesthetic and functional results, as well as immediate one-stage osseointegrated dental implantation. Recently described preoperative virtual surgery planning to facilitate neomandible remodeling could guarantee good results. To conclude, the free fibula bone graft can currently be regarded as the "gold standard" for mandibular reconstruction in case of composite (inside and outside) oral cavity defects as well as a way of enabling the performance of one-stage dental implantation.