• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2002

Fifty six dogs diagnosed with intervertebral disk disease between January 1999 and August 2001 were reviewed to characterize signalments and prognosis. Seventy-five percent was chondrodystrophoid breeds (42 dogs). Mean age was 5.1$\pm$3.0 year-old and fifty-four percent had acute onset. Interspaces between eleventh thoracic vertebrae and fourth lumbar vertebrae were affected most commonly. Success rate of conservative treatment to dogs with paresis was 83% and that of operation to dogs with paralysis was 67%. Six dogs were recurred and 50% of them had recovered again. There was significant correlation between success rate of treatment and the degree of clinical signs but there was no significant correlation between success rate of treatment and rate of onset, status of clinical signs, duration of clinical signs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.401-406
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• 1990

A female Holstein calf with five legs and two tails was examined macroscopically and radiographically. The external feature included two normal forelimbs, two normal hindlimbs, a normal tail and each of underdeveloped extra hindlimb and tail, which was attached to the pelvic region. The extra hindlimb consisted of an underdeveloped femur, crural meromelia, duplicated calcaneous, partially duplicated metatarsal bone, three rows of digits with hoofs. This extra hindlimb was connected to an extra os coxa. The cervical and thoracic vertebrae were fused partially. The lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae were duplicated. This calf is a dipygus associated with pygopagus parasiticus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 한국정밀공학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1059-1061
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• 2002

A FE model is to develop a personalized biomechanical model of the scoliotic spine that will allow the design of clinical test providing optimal estimation of the post-operation results. A flexible multi-body model of the spine including rib cage, clavicle, and scapular was developed to simulate several mobility simulations. Vertebrae, clavicle and scapular were represented using rigid bodies and ribs and sternum were modeled as flexible bodies. Kinematical Joints and spring elements were used to represent the intervertebral disc and ligaments respectively. Postero-anterior and lateral radiographics of a scoliotic spine were used to represent a 3D reconstruction. CT data for same patient were also used to verify vertebrae rotation driven from postero-anterior and lateral radiographic images. Simulated results showed good reducibility almost uniformly distributed along the spinal segments. It was also found that boundary and loading conditions, required to mimic the operation procedures, were proven to be very sensitive parameters to its results rather than its mechanical properties

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 1985

Univariate and multivariate analyses of morphometric characters were performed with samples of striped field mice, Apodemus agrarius coreae Thomas, collected from Mt. Taebaek area, Mt. Wolak area, Mt. Palgong area, and Chongju area. It was confirmed that the samples of A. agrarius coreae were similar with one another to be grouped into a single subspecies. Moreover, clinal variation related with the altitude of localities where samples were collected was revealed in the first axis resulted from discriminant analysis and in the length of tail vertebrae.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권5호
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• pp.837-842
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• 2021

An atlantoaxial subluxation from the unstable Os odontoideum by the failure of proper integrations between the embryological somites might be a commonly reported pathology. However, its suspicious origin or paralleled occurrence with other congenital anomalies of vertebral body might be a relatively rare phenomenon. The authors present two cases, who simply presented with clinical signs of prolonged, intractable cervicalgia without any neurological deficits, revealed this rare feature of C1-2 subluxation from the unstable, orthotropic type of Os odontoideum that coincide with congenitally fused cervical vertebral bodies between C2-3. Surprisingly, in one case, when traced from the lower cervical down to the thoracic-lumbar levels during the preoperative work-up process, was also compromised with multi-level butterfly vertebrae formations. Presented cases highlight the association of various congenital vertebrae anomalies and the rationale to fuse only affected joints.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 대한자기공명의과학회 2007년도 학술대회
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• pp.39-39
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• 2007

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2016

Objective : To evaluate whether an early bone marrow edema pattern predicts vertebral deformity types and prognosis in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF). Methods : This retrospective study enrolled 64 patients with 75 acute OVCFs who underwent early MRI and followed up MRI. On early MRI, the low SI pattern of OVCF on T1WI were assessed and classified into 3 types (diffuse, globular or patchy, band-like). On followed up MRI, the vertebral deformity types (anterior wedge, biconcave, crush), degree of vertebral body height loss, incidence of vertebral osteonecrosis and spinal stenosis were assessed for each vertebral fracture types. Results : According to the early bone marrow edema pattern on T1WI, 26 vertebrae were type 1, 14 vertebrae were type 2 and 35 vertebrae were type 3. On followed up MRI, the crush-type vertebral deformity was most frequent among the type 1 OVCFs, the biconcave-type vertebral deformity was most frequent among the type 2 OVCFs and the anterior wedge-type vertebral deformity was most frequent among the type 3 OVCFs (p<0.001). In addition, type 1 early bone marrow edema pattern of OVCF on T1WI were associated with higher incidence of severe degree vertebral body height loss, vertebral osteonecrosis and spinal stenosis on the follow up MRI. Conclusion : Early bone marrow edema pattern of OVCF on T1WI, significant correlated with vertebral deformity types on the follow up MRI. The severe degree of vertebral height loss, vertebral osteonecrosis, and spinal stenosis were more frequent in patients with diffuse low SI pattern.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.180-185
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• 2018

Objective : Many lumbosacral fixation techniques have been described to offer a more screw-bone purchase. The forward anatomical fixation parallel to the endplate is still the most preferred method. Literature revealed little knowledge regarding the mechanical stability of lumbosacral trans-endplate fixation compared to the traditional trans-pedicular screw fixation method. The aim of this study is to assess the pull-out strength of lumbosacral screws penetrating the end plate and comparing it to the conventional trans-pedicular screw insertion method. Methods : Eight lumbar and eight sacral vertebrae, with average age 69.4 years, Left pedicles of the 5th lumbar vertebrae were used for trans-endplate screw fixation, group 1A, right pedicles were used for anatomical trans-pedicular screw fixation, group 1B. In the sacral vertebrae, the right side S1 pedicles were used for trans-endplate fixation, group 2A, left side pedicles were used for anatomical trans-pedicular screw fixation, group 2B. The biomechanical tests were performed using the axial compression testing machine. All tests were applied using 2 mm/min traction speed. Results : The average pull-out strength values of groups 1A and 1B were $403.78{\pm}11.71N$ and $306.26{\pm}17.55N$, respectively. A statistical significance was detected with p=0.012. The average pull-out strength values of groups 2A and 2B were $388.73{\pm}17.03N$ and $299.84{\pm}17.52N$, respectively. A statistical significance was detected with p=0.012. Conclusion : The trans-endplate lumbosacral fixation method is a trustable fixation method with a stronger screw-bone purchase and offer a good alternative for surgeons specially in patients with osteoporosis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.236-241
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• 2015

Objective : We report on the technical feasibility and limitations of the transmanubrial approach for cervicothoracic junction (CTJ) lesions and emphasize the advantage of bisecting the upper part of the manubrium in an inverted Y-shape. Methods : Thirteen patients who underwent the fourteen transmanubrial approach for various CTJ lesions were enrolled during 2005-2014. For the evaluation of the accessibility for the CTJ lesion, we analyzed the two parallel line defined as a straight line parallel to the inferior and superior plateau of the upper and lower healthy vertebrae, the angle of the two parallel lines and the distance from the sternal notch to lines at the sternum on preoperative magnetic resonance images. Surgical limitations and perspectives, as well as postoperative clinical outcomes were evaluated retrospectively. Results : The CTJ lesions were six metastases, three primary bone tumors, two herniated discs, and one each of a traumatic dislocation with syrinx formation and tuberculous spondylitis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. If two parallel lines pass below the sternal notch, the manubriotomy should be inevitably performed. The mean preoperative Visual analogue scale score was 8 (range, 5-10), which improved to 4 (range, 0-6) postoperatively. Seven cases showed an increase in Frankel score postoperatively. Conclusion : The spatial relationship between the sternal notch and the two parallel lines to the lesion was rational to determine the feasibility of manubriotomy. The transmanubrial approach for CTJ lesions can achieve favorable clinical outcomes by providing direct decompression of lesion and effective reconstruction.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.78-83
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• 2008

Objective : To understand the anatomic characteristics of the aortic arch (AA) and its major branches to build a foundation toward performing endovascular surgery safely. Methods : A total of 25 formalin fixed Korean adult cadavers were used. The authors investigated : anatomical variations of the AA and its major branches; curvature of the AA; distance from the mid-vertebrae line to the origin of the major branches; distances from the origin of the major branches of AA to the origin of its distal branches; and the angle of the three major branches, the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT), the left common carotid artery (LCCA) and the left subclavian artery (LSCA) arising from AA. Results : The three major branches directly originated from AA in 21 (84%) of the cadavers. In two (8%) of remaining four cadavers. orifice of LCCA was slightly above the stem of BCT. In remaining two (8%) cadavers, the left vertebral artery (LVA) was directly originated from AA. Average angle of AA curvature to the coronal plane was 62.2 degrees. BCT originated 0.92 mm on the right of the mid-vertebrae line. LCCA and LSCA originated from 12.3 mm and 22.8 mm on the left of the mid-vertebrae line. Mean distance from the origin of the BCT to the origin of the RCCA was 32.5 mm. Mean distance from the origin of the LSCA to the origin of the LVA was 33.8 mm. Average angles at which the major branches arise from the AA were 65.3, 46.9 and 63.8 degrees. Conclusion : This study may provides a basic anatomical information to catheterize AA and its branches for safely performing endovascular surgery.