• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify endotracheal colonization and the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia related to the type of endotracheal suction system. Methods: The participants in this study were ICU patients hospitalized between October 2009 to March 2010 who used ventilators for over 48 hr with closed (CSS, n=30) or open (OSS, n=32) suction systems. To standardize the pre-intervention suction system, a suctioning protocol was taught to the ICU nurses. Collected data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon rank sums test, Wilcoxon test, Log-rank test and Poisson regression. Results: Endotracheal colonization was higher in OSS than CSS from day 1 to day 8 while using a ventilator and there was a significant difference between the two groups. The CSS reached 50% of endotracheal colonization by the 4th day, whereas for the OSS, it was the 2nd day (p=.04). The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia showed no significant difference. Conclusion: For patients with a high risk of pneumonia, CSS must be used to lower endotracheal colonization.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.285-308
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• 2012

The Korean supreme court said that Mrs Kim who was in a persistent vegetative state had a right to die if she had a presumed will or assumption of dying against Severance hospital in 2009. Presumed would be vague and can not be subjective to conjecture though, the court had a developed trial on the case. I recommend the higher valued notion such as the 'right to decide on the life extension' is more logical than assumptive will. To achieve this recommendation, I will search right to life, right to decision, human dignity and find the good relationship between them. In conclusion, I will announce that if PVS patients without advanced directives aren't able to express their will and no one could not assume their right to die in spite of meaningless life extension. So only the due and strict procedure about the extinction of meaningless PVS patients will allow them to sacrifice themselves or remove life extension ventilators. Also active euthanasia would be possible under the strict procedure of making advanced directives and the act of helping active euthanasia additionally, the crime of abetting suicide would not be executed in the legal scope.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the intensity and types of discomfort caused by an endotracheal tube in patients during ventilator therapy after cardiac surgery, and to analyze the differences in the intensity and types of discomfort by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and characteristics related to endotracheal tubes. Methods: The intensity of discomfort was measured using an 11-point numeric rating scale and the types of discomfort were measured using a 4-point numeric rating scale. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and characteristics related to endotracheal tube were collected by observation and the electronic medical chart using a structured questionnaire. Results: The mean intensity of discomfort in patients due to endotracheal tubes was 6,91 points, 84% of patients reported discomfort over 5 points, The most severe discomfort was pain during endotracheal suctioning, and dry mouth and breathing difficulties were also found to induce discomfort. Patients who had more severe surgical site pain, longer duration of intubation and higher cuff pressure demonstrated more severe discomfort due to the endotracheal tube. Conclusion: These results can be used as basic data for developing nursing intervention to relieve the discomfort caused by endotracheal tubes in patients during ventilator therapy.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze application methods and structural characteristics of each element of environment-friendly European housing through classification of skin types. The results of the study are following. 1) The skins are classified by three types; single skin with multi layers, double skin with single layer and double skin with multi layers. 2) Most single skins with multi-layer are composed with wooden louvers, sun blinds and insulating windows. There are introduction of atrium and balcony, and variation sectional space composition according to cases. 3) There are two types of double skins; to put cavity between inner skin and outer skin and more extensional spaces such as balconies, corridors and stair halls. Solar walls and mechanical ventilators are often introduced to double skins with multi-layer. 4) The functions of the latest environment-friendly skins are vary from controllers and buffers of indoor environmental elements such as temperature, light, air and sound to equipments to perform essential functions to efficiently operate HVAC systems.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.529-533
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• 2013

Heat-recovery ventilators are being adopted in most newly built apartment houses for energy reduction and indoor environment improvement. In winter, however, the dew condensation resulting from the difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures may reduce the ventilator's performance and threaten the health of indoor residents. This study analyzes the occurrence of dew condensation according to the ventilator's operational conditions and the changes of temperature and products. The experimental results show that condensations is formed at $26^{\circ}C$ and 60%R.H, which is an unfavorable climatic condition, and when the damper is not closed tightly. Therefore it is important to ensure damper performance to prevent back flow.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.71-84
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• 2007

Purpose : The Purpose of this study was to identify the physiological, psychological factors to successful weaning of mechanical ventilation in ICU patients. Method: Data was collected by interview with the use of questionnaires from 70 ICU patients, who were mechanically ventilated more than 3days at Y university medical center. Data was analyzed with descriptive statics, t-test, and $x^2$ test, and Pearson Coefficient Correlation using SPSS WIN 12.0 program. Result: ICU patients with mechanical ventilator during weaning period reported high levels of anxiety, moderate levels of stress, and fatigue. The physiological, psychological factors influencing ventilator weaning success were RSBI(p=0.007), stress(p=0.009), anxiety(p=0.020), depression(p=0.040), fatigue(p=0.001), and dyspnea(p=0.010). The RSBI factor was shown to have positive correlations with ventilator care periods, $PaCO_2$, and fatigue. Dyspnea was also positively correlated with stress, anxiety, depression, and fatigue. Conclusion: This study suggests that RSBI, stress, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and dyspnea are significant factors to successful weaning from mechanical ventilation.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

Five zero energy house models developed in Korea for the purpose of the energy performance were compared and analyzed in the study. The standard passive house model applying common technology and efficient energy performance elements was proposed. Standard passive house 5 models have been developed commonly aiming at 100% energy saving, applying high-performance and high-efficiency exterior thermal insulation, using 3 low-e coated window system, and targeting average 0.65 ACH to enhance privacy. Energy recovery ventilators and dry and cold radiant heating floor has been partially applied. Eco-design techniques such as the awning device, heat insulating door, using natural light have been used. Solar and geothermal systems as the application of renewable energy technologies have been commonly applied. And fuel cells were applied to a partial model. The standard model based on common technical elements and average performance of each element and obtained from five model analysis has been proposed in the study.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to survey caregivers of patients with Neuromuscular Rare and Incurable Disease (NRID) using invasive home mechanical ventilator (HMV), in order to compare the incident rate of pneumonia by tracheal suction procedures used. Method: Participants were 99 family caregivers of NRID patients using HMV. Participants were given a questionnaire consisting of 12 demographic items, 10 items about disease and HMV related characteristics, 11 items about tracheal suction procedures, and 2 items about the incidence of pneumonia. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and t-tests. Results: The items that predicted the incidence of pneumonia were "change of irrigation saline every suction" (p=.047), "use of aseptic catheter every suction" (p=.004), and "instillation of normal saline before suction" (p=.027). In addition, these items were 47.4%, 51.4%, and 38.8% respectively. Conclusion: Family members caring for NRID patients with invasive HMV should be educated about tracheal suction, especially the necessity of changing irrigation saline after every suction, using the aseptic catheter for every suction, and instillation of normal saline before suction. Medical personnel such as home care nurses should periodically check tracheal suction procedures, and re-educate family caregivers when necessary.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.465-471
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• 2007

Many hospitals have been considering new technology such as wireless sensor network(WSN). The technology can be used to track the location of medical devices needed for inspections or repairs, and it can also be used to detect of a theft of an asset. In an asset-tracking system using WSN, acquiring the location of moving sensor nodes inherently introduces uncertainty in location determination. In fact, the sensor nodes attached to an asset are prone to failure from lack of energy or from physical destruction. Therefore, even if the asset is located within the predetermined area, the asset-tracking application could "misunderstand" that an asset has escaped from the area. This paper classifies the causes of such unexpected situations into the following five cases: 1) an asset has actually escaped from a predetermined area; 2) a sensor node was broken; 3) the battery for the sensor node was totally discharged; 4) an asset went into a shadow area; 5) a sensor node was stolen. We implemented and installed our asset-tracking system in a hospital and continuously monitored the status of assets such as ventilators, syringe pumps, wheel chairs and IV poles. Based on this real experience, we suggest how to differentiate each case of location uncertainty and propose possible solutions to prevent them.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.228-235
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the clinical alarm occurrence and management of nurses toward clinical alarms in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This observational study was conducted with 40 patients and nurses cases in two ICUs of a university hospital. This study divided 24 hours into the unit of an hour and conducted two times of direct observation per unit hour for 48 hours targeting the medical devices applied to 40 patients. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Results: On average, 3.8 units of medical devices were applied for each patient and the ranges of alarm settings were wide. During 48 hours, 184 cases of clinical alarm were occurred by four types of medical devices including physiological monitors, mechanical ventilators, infusion pumps, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Among them, false alarm was 110 cases (59.8%). As for the alarm management by ICU nurses, two-minute alarm mute took up most at 38.0% (70 cases), and no response was second most at 32.6% (60 cases). When valid alarm sounded, nurses showed no response at 43.2%. Conclusion: The findings suggest that a standard protocol for alarm management should be developed for Korean ICU settings. Based on the protocol, continuous training and education should be provided to nurses for appropriate alarm management.