• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 2010

In this study, experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ventilation equipment in underground fires. Two type of Ventilators were used in experiments. Experiments were carried out using ethanol square pool fire. Maximum heat release rate was about 460kW. Visibility and temperature distribution were evaluated according to mechanical ventilation. In blower type ventilation, visibility was increased and temperature was lowered.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.423-428
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• 2006

Twenty nine HRV models have been tested for last two years since the attestation system has been started by KARSE. It is the objective of the present study to analyze the performance test results. Uncertainty analysis has been conducted to find the effects of measured variables on the uncertainties of test results. The uncertainty of enthalpy is found to be affected by the uncertainty of wet bulb temperature significantly, but not by that of dry bulb temperature for the present range of parameters. The uncertainty of effective enthalpy efficiency is calculated to be 6%P for the cooling condition, and 3%P for the heating condition approximately. In order to reduce the uncertainty of the test results, the uncertainty of wet bulb temperature should be minimized and the indoor/outdoor test conditions should be modified so as to increase the enthalpy difference.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to survey caregivers of patients with Neuromuscular Rare and Incurable Disease (NRID) using invasive home mechanical ventilator (HMV), in order to compare the incident rate of pneumonia by tracheal suction procedures used. Method: Participants were 99 family caregivers of NRID patients using HMV. Participants were given a questionnaire consisting of 12 demographic items, 10 items about disease and HMV related characteristics, 11 items about tracheal suction procedures, and 2 items about the incidence of pneumonia. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and t-tests. Results: The items that predicted the incidence of pneumonia were "change of irrigation saline every suction" (p=.047), "use of aseptic catheter every suction" (p=.004), and "instillation of normal saline before suction" (p=.027). In addition, these items were 47.4%, 51.4%, and 38.8% respectively. Conclusion: Family members caring for NRID patients with invasive HMV should be educated about tracheal suction, especially the necessity of changing irrigation saline after every suction, using the aseptic catheter for every suction, and instillation of normal saline before suction. Medical personnel such as home care nurses should periodically check tracheal suction procedures, and re-educate family caregivers when necessary.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.593-598
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• 2018

Computational fluid dynamics was used to develop a heat-recovery ventilator for preventing freezing in cold weather. An optimal internal return damper was applied, and a prototype was made for frost and freezing experiments. A total of 16 models were used to design the optimal internal return damper with the maximum exhaust recirculation ratio. The exhaust recirculation ratio of the exhaust air to the outdoor air was 59.9-62.3%. The tests showed that frost and freezing did not occur at outdoor air temperatures of $-15^{\circ}C$ or higher in both exhaust recirculation operation and normal operation. However, at an outdoor air temperature of $-20^{\circ}C$, no freezing occurred in the outdoor air area when the internal return damper was opened by 45 degrees. Heat recovery ventilators for preventing cold weather frost and freezing should be operated in two operation modes: normal and exhaust recirculation mode. An operating algorithm was developed for the heat-recovery ventilator operating in normal mode when the outdoor temperature is higher than $-15^{\circ}C$ and recirculation mode when the temperature is lower.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.198-206
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• 2019

Purpose: The Act on Hospice and Palliative Care and Decisions on Life-sustaining Treatment for Patients at the End of Life was enacted in 2016 and has taken effect since 2018 February. The content of this act was based on Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) in the United States and we modified it for terminal cancer patients registering hospice. The object of this study is to investigate preference and implementation rate for modified Korean POLST (MMK-POLST) items in hospice ward. Methods: From February 1, 2017 to April 30, 2019, medical records regarding MMK-POLST were retrospectively analyzed for all patients hospitalized in the hospice ward of Gyeongsang National University Hospital. Results: Of the eligible 387 total cohorts, 295 patients filled out MK-POLST. MK-POLST has been completed in 133 cases (44.1%) by the patient themselves, 84 cases (28.5%) by the spouse, and 75 cases (25.4%) by their children, respectively. While only 13 (4.4%) out of 295 MK-POLST completed patients refused the parenteral nutrition and 5 patients (1.7%) for palliative sedation, the absolute majority of 288 (97.6%) patients did not want cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and ventilators and 226 people (76.9%) for pressor medications. Kappa values for the matched strength of MK-POLST implementation were poor for all items except CPR, ventilators and palliative sedation. Conclusion: Hospice patients refused to conduct cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ventilators and pressor agents. In contrast, antibiotics, parenteral nutrition and palliative sedation were favored in the majority of patients.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.160-171
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• 2024

Background/Aims: The effectiveness of remdesivir treatment in reducing mortality and the requirement for mechanical ventilation (MV) remains uncertain, as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have produced conflicting results. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and other data resources to find RCTs published prior to April 10, 2023. The selection of studies, assessment of risk of bias, and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and the need to initiate MV. Results: A total of 5,068 articles were screened, from eight RCTs comprising 11,945 patients. The meta-analysis found that, compared to standard care or placebo, remdesivir treatment provided no significant all-cause mortality benefit (pooled risk ratio [RR], 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-1.02; 8 studies; high certainty evidence), while subgroup analyses revealed a trend towards reduced mortality among patients requiring oxygen but not MV (pooled RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.77-1.00; 6 studies; I² = 4%). The need to initiate MV (pooled RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59-0.94; 7 studies; moderate certainty evidence) in remdesivir-treated patients was also reduced compared to controls. Remdesivir significantly increased clinical improvement and discharge and significantly reduced serious adverse events. Conclusions: In this systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs, it was found that remdesivir treatment did not show a substantial decrease in the risk of mortality. However, it was linked to a reduction in the necessity for additional ventilator support, suggesting remdesivir could be beneficial for COVID-19 patients, particularly those who are not on MV.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.295-305
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• 2024

Background/Aims: The prognosis of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation is poor. Therefore, mechanical ventilation is not recommended. Recently, outcomes of mechanical ventilation, including those for patients with IPF, have improved. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the use of mechanical ventilation in patients with IPF and their outcomes over time. Methods: This retrospective, observational cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Service database. Patients diagnosed with IPF between January 2011 and December 2019 who were placed on mechanical ventilation were included. We analyzed changes in the use of mechanical ventilation in patients with IPF and their mortality using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Results: Between 2011 and 2019, 1,227 patients with IPF were placed on mechanical ventilation. The annual number of patients with IPF with and without mechanical ventilation increased over time. However, the ratio was relatively stable at approximately 3.5%. The overall hospital mortality rate was 69.4%. There was no improvement in annual hospital mortality rate. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 68.7%, which did not change significantly. The overall 90-day mortality rate was 85.3%. The annual 90-day mortality rate was decreased from 90.9% in 2011 to 83.1% in 2019 (p = 0.028). Conclusions: Despite improvements in intensive care and ventilator management, the prognosis of patients with IPF receiving mechanical ventilation has not improved significantly.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the intensity and types of discomfort caused by an endotracheal tube in patients during ventilator therapy after cardiac surgery, and to analyze the differences in the intensity and types of discomfort by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and characteristics related to endotracheal tubes. Methods: The intensity of discomfort was measured using an 11-point numeric rating scale and the types of discomfort were measured using a 4-point numeric rating scale. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and characteristics related to endotracheal tube were collected by observation and the electronic medical chart using a structured questionnaire. Results: The mean intensity of discomfort in patients due to endotracheal tubes was 6,91 points, 84% of patients reported discomfort over 5 points, The most severe discomfort was pain during endotracheal suctioning, and dry mouth and breathing difficulties were also found to induce discomfort. Patients who had more severe surgical site pain, longer duration of intubation and higher cuff pressure demonstrated more severe discomfort due to the endotracheal tube. Conclusion: These results can be used as basic data for developing nursing intervention to relieve the discomfort caused by endotracheal tubes in patients during ventilator therapy.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze application methods and structural characteristics of each element of environment-friendly European housing through classification of skin types. The results of the study are following. 1) The skins are classified by three types; single skin with multi layers, double skin with single layer and double skin with multi layers. 2) Most single skins with multi-layer are composed with wooden louvers, sun blinds and insulating windows. There are introduction of atrium and balcony, and variation sectional space composition according to cases. 3) There are two types of double skins; to put cavity between inner skin and outer skin and more extensional spaces such as balconies, corridors and stair halls. Solar walls and mechanical ventilators are often introduced to double skins with multi-layer. 4) The functions of the latest environment-friendly skins are vary from controllers and buffers of indoor environmental elements such as temperature, light, air and sound to equipments to perform essential functions to efficiently operate HVAC systems.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.228-235
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the clinical alarm occurrence and management of nurses toward clinical alarms in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This observational study was conducted with 40 patients and nurses cases in two ICUs of a university hospital. This study divided 24 hours into the unit of an hour and conducted two times of direct observation per unit hour for 48 hours targeting the medical devices applied to 40 patients. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Results: On average, 3.8 units of medical devices were applied for each patient and the ranges of alarm settings were wide. During 48 hours, 184 cases of clinical alarm were occurred by four types of medical devices including physiological monitors, mechanical ventilators, infusion pumps, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Among them, false alarm was 110 cases (59.8%). As for the alarm management by ICU nurses, two-minute alarm mute took up most at 38.0% (70 cases), and no response was second most at 32.6% (60 cases). When valid alarm sounded, nurses showed no response at 43.2%. Conclusion: The findings suggest that a standard protocol for alarm management should be developed for Korean ICU settings. Based on the protocol, continuous training and education should be provided to nurses for appropriate alarm management.