• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.106-118
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• 1994

This study was conducted to analyze the effects of fluctuations in temperature, light intensity and soil temperature on the growth of red pepper seedlings in the nonheated plastic houses with various number of layers and in the open field. Relationship between the optimal environment and the growth of seedlings was discussed, and the maximum and minimum outdoor temperatures in Kwangju area from 1941 to 1985 were analyzed. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The minimum temperature in tunnel with quadruple coverings of P. E. film from December 20 to February 25 was decreased to 5$^{\circ}C$ mostly, where the exposure to chilling temperature could not be avoided during this period. The maximum temperature was increased to 33$^{\circ}C$ mostly and 42$^{\circ}C$ in peak, where some ventilation was needed. 2. The diurnal differences of inside temperature, increasing with number of layers, were 16 to 38$^{\circ}C$, while those of outside temperature were 5 to 1$0^{\circ}C$. 3. The cold injury in the quadruple coverings during winter occurred all the times below 12$^{\circ}C$ and as many as 200 times over 3$0^{\circ}C$, while effectiveness of thermal insulation in the multilayered nonheating plastic houses were clearly proved. 4. The inside light intensity was markedly reduced with the increment of layers and the minimum light intensity fallen down below the light compensation point for the growth of red pepper plants regardless of the number of layers. 5. Until 10 a. m., the temperature in the daytime during December 20 to mid - February showed below 10 to 12$^{\circ}C$ which was the limiting temperature for the growth of red pepper seedlings. After 4 p. m., the light intensity was sharply reduced despite of the air temperature kept over 12$^{\circ}C$. Therefore, limiting factors for the growth of red pepper seedlings were the temperature before 10 a. m. and the light intensity after 4 p. m. 6. The minimum soil temperature in quadruple coverings showed around 1$0^{\circ}C$ where the physiological damage for red pepper seedlings might be occurred. 7. The minimum outdoor temperatures from 1941 to 1985 was -19.4$^{\circ}C$, observed in the 5th January.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.1 s.246
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• pp.29-37
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• 2005

This study was prospectively designed to determine the physiologic effects of normothermic CPB and to compare its influences with hypothermic CPB. Material and Method: Thirty-six adult patients scheduled for el­ective cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to moderate hypothermic (hypothermic group nasopharyngeal tem­perature $26\~28^{\circ}C,\;n=18)$ ornormothermic (normothermic group, nasopharyngeal temperature > $35.5^{\circ}C\;n=18)$ CPB. Arterial blood samples were taken before CPB (Pre-CPB), 10 minutes after the start of CPB (CPB-10), and imme­diately after CPB stop (CPB-off) for determining total leukocyte counts, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), interleukin-6 (IL-6), endothelin-1 (ET-1), cortisol, troponin I (TNI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and the pulmonary index $(Pi,\;PaO_{2}/FiO_{2}),$Other parameters such as urine output, mechanical ventilating period, ICU-staying period, postoperative complications and hospitalized days were also evaluated. Result: Total leukocyte counts, increased rate in NSE, in IL-6 and in cortisol at CPB-10 and CPB-off were significantly higher in normothermic group than in hyphothermic group. Urine output during CPB was lower in normothermic group than in hyphothermic group. The duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU-stay, and hospitalization were longer in normothermic group than in hyphothermic group. Conclusion: These findings sug­gested that normothermic CPB caused higher inflammatory and stress responses than hypothermic CPB during car­diac surgery using cold crystalloid cardioplegia. However, further studies with large number of cases should be carried out to validate this hypothesis.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.234-244
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• 2000

It is widely recognized that manipulation of body position takes advantage of the influences of gravity for improving oxygenation. The study aims to determine the effects of positioning(supine, prone, right lateral decubitus and left lateral decubitus positions) applied to the mechanically ventilatory acute respiratory failure patients on arterial oxygen partial pressure($PaO_2$), alveolar arterial oxygen tension difference($AaDO_2$), mean aterial pressure, peak inspiratory pressure and plateau pressure. Thirty two acute respiratory failure patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit at Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea from March 1997 to January 1998, were divided into three groups by radiographic evidence of unilateral or bilateral lung disease. In group 1 with dominant right lung disease were twelve subjects, group 2 with dominant left lung disease had eight subjects and group 3 had twelve subjects with bilateral lung disease. The variables were measured in 30 minutes after each position of supine, prone, good lung down lateral decubitus and sick lung down lateral decubitus position. The position order was done at random by Latin squre design. The results are as follows; 1) With group 1 patients, the $PaO_2$ in the left lateral decubitus and prone position were $126.8{\pm}30.8$ mmHg and $106.7{\pm}36.8$ mmHg, respectively(p=0.0001). 2) With group 2 patients, the $PaO_2$ in the prone and the right lateral decubitus position were $121.7{\pm}44.7$ mmHg and $118.5{\pm}31.7$ mmHg, respectively (p=0.0018). 3) With group 3 patients, the $PaO_2$ was $143.6{\pm}36.6$ mmHg in the prone position (p=0.0001). 4) With group 1 patients, the $AaDO_2$ in the left lateral decubitus and the right lateral decubitus position were $178.1{\pm}29.7$ mmHg and $233.1{\pm}24.4$ mmHg, respectively(p=0.0001). 5) With group 2 patients, the $AaDO_2$ in the prone and the left lateral decubitus postion were $184.0{\pm}39.5$ mmHg and $231.0{\pm}23.9$ mmHg, respectively(p=0.0019). 6) With group 3 patients, the $AaDO_2$ in the prone and the supine postion were $377.1{\pm}35.6$ mmHg and $435.7{\pm}13.1$ mmHg, respectively (p=0.0001). 7) There were no differences among the mean arterial pressure, peak inspiratory pressure and plateau pressure for each of the supine, prone, left lateral decubitus and right lateral decubitus position. The results suggest that oxygenation may improve in mechanically ventilatory patients with unilateral lung disease when the position is good lung dependent and prone, and patients with bilateral lung disease when the position is prone without any effects on the mean arterial pressure and airway pressure. It is suggested that body positions improve ventilation/perfusion matching and oxygenation need to be specified in patient care plans.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2004

Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is one of the most widely cultivated and important edible mushrooms in the world. In order to study the developmental process of P. ostreatus and its regulatory mechanism, a new culturing method needs to be established for inducing the fruiting body and sporulation in the laboratory. In this study, we have examined whether the fruiting body of P. ostreatus can be formed on the plastic petri dish which are commonly used for cell culture in the laboratory. The strain was cultured on $60{\times}15mm$ plastic petri dish with potato dextrose agar media at $28^{\circ}C$ for mycelial growth and then at $18^{\circ}C$ for the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies within plant growth chamber. The development of primordia into fruiting bodies was achieved on cultured dishes under air ventilation. At the primordia stage, the normal formation of fruiting body was blocked by sealing the plastic dish with parafilm. The periods requiring for the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies were examined on the dish culture. About 96% and 76% of cultured samples formed primordia and fruiting bodies under the optimal conditions during ten weeks of culture, respectively. These culturing periods, however, were changed by the mechanical injury treatment to mycelia. As other factors affecting the fruiting body formation, the effects of light and cold shock have been tested. No fruiting formation was observed on the cultured dishes under the dark. The cold shock treatment by storing cultured dishes for one day at $4^{\circ}C$ did not have any significant effects in the fruiting body formation. Spores of fruiting bodies acquired from the petri dishes could be germinated on culture media at $28^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus can be formed on the experimental petri dish and this dish-culturing method is useful for understanding of the developmental process of P. ostreatus in the laboratory. Furthermore, the dish-culturing method is able to shorten the life cycle of P. ostreatus without requiring large area and expensive device.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.805-812
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• 1998

Background: Among the variety of opportunistic infections, pneumonia comprises the major morbidity in immunocompromised patients. Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia (PCP) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia are common infectious illness of immunocompromised hosts. Although there are many reports regarding to the co-infection of PCP and CMV diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid examination, the effects of CMV co-infection on the outcome of PCP is still controversial. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effects of CMV detected by BAL fluid examination on the clinical course of PCP in the immunocompromised patients other than human immunodeficiency virus infection. Method: Ten patients with PCP were enrolled and retrospective analysis of their medical records were done. HIV infected persons were excluded. The PCP was diagnosed by BAL fluid examination with Calcofluor-White staining. CMV was detected in BAL fluid by Shell-vial culture system. Chest radiographic findings were reviewed. We used Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test for statistical analysis of data. Results: The underlying disorders of patients were idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n=1), renal transplantation (n=4), necrotizing vasculitis (n=l), systemic lupus erythematosus (n=1), brain tumor (n=1), chronic myelogenous leukemia (n=1), unidentified (n=1). There were no difference in clinical course, APACHE III score, arterial blood gas analysis, white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, serum albumin concentration, chest radiographic findings and mortality between patients with PCP alone (n=4) and those with CMV co-infection (n=6). Univariate analysis regarding to the factors that associated with mortality of PCP were revealed that the application of mechanical ventilation (p=0.028), the level of APACHE III score (p=0.018) and serum albumin concentration (p=0.048) were related to the mortality of patients with PCP. Conclusion: The clinical course of PCP patients co-infected by CMV were not different from PCP only patients. Instead, accompanied respiratory failure, high APACHE III score and poor nutritional status were associated with poor outcome of PCP.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of combination of air temperature and soil water contents on growth, physiological disorder rate, and yield of garlic. This experiments has been carried out in the typical plastic house (one side open and other side installed ventilation fans) which was maintained gradient air temperature (maximum different value of air temperature : $6^{\circ}C$). The excessive irrigation (EI) set at $0.34m^3/m^3$ soil moisture contents. The significant differences found in the growth parameters of garlics as affected by air temperature and soil moisture conditions. The plant height of garlic with combination of ambient $(A)+6^{\circ}C$ and optimal irrigation (OI; set at $0.22m^3/m^3$ soil moisture contents) treatments represented 47.4 cm/plant, which was the highest among all the tested treatments. The leaf length and width showed the greatest, which were 16.1 and 2.4 cm/plant, respectively, in $A+6^{\circ}C-OI$. The physiological disorder ratio was higher as 12.9% at $A+6^{\circ}C-OI$ and was not occurred at ambient temperature with EI compared with OI treatment. The bulb and clove weight were dramatically decreased at $A+6^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment. The yields were decreased by 51% in OI at $A+6^{\circ}C$ and $A+3^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment. Those results indicated that yields were decreased and ratio of physiological disorders was increased by high temperature treatments.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.297-308
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• 2019

Air pollution due to the fine dust level updating every day, and the problem of indoor air pollution due to ventilation difficulties and indoor discharge pollutants is also serious. In order to improve the indoor air quality, the air purification effect using the plants is prominent. In this study was started to investigated the living environment of modern people, the risk of indoor air pollution and the improvement function of plants, and to activate plant application. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main functions and design status of domestic and overseas plant - related applications, and to understand the actual use of modern plant applications and to help them learn more convenient plant - related knowledge. Therefore, this paper attempted to establish a basis for suggesting a new plant application by conducting a survey on the health effects of indoor air pollution and user awareness of plant - related applications. The results and contents of the study are as follows. First, as a theoretical review, indoor air pollution is more dangerous to modern people who have a high proportion of indoor living time and adversely affects their health. In order to solve such a problem, it has been shown that air conditioning and stress reduction can be effectively achieved by placing plants in the indoor space. Second, the analysis of the previous study shows the risk of indoor air pollution and its adverse effects on health. In addition, I have been able to find some researches related to the improvement of the indoor air by using the air purifying plants, and I can see the improvement of the user's behavior through the development or improvement of the application. Third, as a result of the survey on the status of domestic and overseas plant application, the main function of the application having high installation number was watering notification, provision of basic information of plants, and most of the functions were plant discerment through cameras. Fourth, most of the survey respondents have either raised or raised plants. Those who have little experience with plant applications have also shown positive feedback in the future on the use of plant-related applications. In addition, due to social problems such as air pollution, air purification using plants and functional plants showed high interest. Based on these results, we propose the need for a multi-functional plant application that can improve the indoor air pollution and facilitate the provision of information related to it.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 2021

In the city of high population density crowded with buildings, Urban Heat Island (UHI) is intensified, and the city is vulnerable to thermal comfort. The maintenance of vacant land in downtown is treated as a factor that undermines the residential environment, spoils the urban landscape, and decreases the economic vitality of the whole region. Therefore, this study compared the effects on microclimate in the surrounding area according to the development scenarios targeting the vacant land in Songhyeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul. The status quo, green oriented, building oriented and green-building mediation scenarios were established and ENVI-met was used to compare and analyze the impact of changes in wind speed, air temperature and mean radiant temperature (MRT) within 1 km of the target and the target site. The result of inside and 1 km radius the targeted area showed that the seasonal average temperature decreased and the wind speed increased when the green oriented scenario was compared with the current state one. It was expected that the temperature lowered to -0.73 ℃ or increased to 1.5 ℃ in summer, and the wind speed was affected up to 210 meters depending on the scenario. And it was revealed that green area inside the site generally affects inside area, but the layout and size of the buildings affect either internal and external area. This study is expected to help as a decision-making support tool for developing Songhyeon-dong area and to be used to reflect the part related to microclimate on the future environmental effects evaluation system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.80-88
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• 2020

With the issuance of one-week fine dust emergency reduction measures in March 2019, the public's anxiety about fine dust is increasingly growing. In order to assess the application of air purifying plant-based bio-filters to public facilities, this study presented a method for measuring pollutant reduction effects by creating an indoor environment for continuous discharge of particle pollutants and conducted basic studies to verify whether indoor air quality has improved through the system. In this study conducted in a lecture room in spring, the background concentration was created by using mosquito repellent incense as a pollutant one hour before monitoring. Then, according to the schedule, the fine dust reduction capacity was monitored by irrigating for two hours and venting air for one hour. PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and temperature & humidity sensors were installed two meters front of the bio-filters, and velocity probes were installed at the center of the three air vents to conduct time-series monitoring. The average face velocity of three air vents set up in the bio-filter was 0.38±0.16 m/s. Total air-conditioning air volume was calculated at 776.89±320.16㎥/h by applying an air vent area of 0.29m×0.65m after deducing damper area. With the system in operation, average temperature and average relative humidity were maintained at 21.5-22.3℃, and 63.79-73.6%, respectively, which indicates that it satisfies temperature and humidity range of various conditions of preceding studies. When the effects of raising relatively humidity rapidly by operating system's air-conditioning function are used efficiently, it would be possible to reduce indoor fine dust and maintain appropriate relative humidity seasonally. Concentration of fine dust increased the same in all cycles before operating the bio-filter system. After operating the system, in cycle 1 blast section (C-1, β=-3.83, β=-2.45), particulate matters (PM₁₀) were lowered by up to 28.8% or 560.3㎍/㎥ and fine particulate matters (PM_2.5) were reduced by up to 28.0% or 350.0㎍/㎥. Then, the concentration of find dust (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) was reduced by up to 32.6% or 647.0㎍/㎥ and 32.4% or 401.3㎍/㎥ respectively through reduction in cycle 2 blast section (C-2, β=-5.50, β=-3.30) and up to 30.8% or 732.7㎍/㎥ and 31.0% or 459.3㎍/㎥ respectively through reduction in cycle 3 blast section (C-3, β=5.48, β=-3.51). By referring to standards and regulations related to the installation of vegetation bio-filters in public facilities, this study provided plans on how to set up objective performance evaluation environment. By doing so, it was possible to create monitoring infrastructure more objective than a regular lecture room environment and secure relatively reliable data.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.536-542
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• 2007

Purpose : We investigated the effects of restricted fluid in the first 7 days of life on the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods : Eighty three VLBW infants who lived more than 28 days were selected. The amount of daily maintenance fluid was determined by calculation of insensible water loss (IWL) and urine output (UO). Seventy to 80 percent of calculated amount was given to the ventilated infants. Subjects were grouped into low (<25th%), moderate (25-75th%), and high (>75th%) fluid groups for the first 24 hours, 3 days and 7 days. Chi square tests analyzed proportions of subjects with or without morbidities across fluid groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of fluid intake on BPD or PDA, controlling for factors that are significantly associated with BPD or PDA by univariate analysis. Results : Rates of BPD and PDA were not significantly associated with fluid groups on each time period. The result was the same after controlling for factors that are significantly associated with BPD or PDA by univariate analysis. For the first 3 and 7 days, fluid intakes were positively related with maximal weight loss, urine output and mechanical ventilation duration. Conclusion : In VLBW infants, when given based on needs reflected from IWL and UO versus intake, relatively low fluid intakes in the first week of life do not decrease the risk of BPD or PDA, and vice versa. We suggest that calculation of daily fluid based on IWL and UO is appropriate for VLBW infants.