• 대한본초학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2011

Objective : Kyenegum has been frequently used for characterizing digestive symptoms in the traditional and oriental medicines. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of extracts from velvet antlers using the 4 different kinds of extracting methods. Methods : The extracts of velvet antlers were extracted using a $65^{\circ}C$ DW (9hrs), a Kyenegum crude enzyme, a $121^{\circ}C$ DW (2hrs), and a Kyenegum protease. To evaluate the characteristic of velvet antler extracts, we examined the brix, soluble solid, amino acid, mineral composition, and collagen protein. Results : As a result of the comparisons of velvet antlers extracted by the traditional extraction and the crude enzyme of kyenegum, the brix and soluble solid showed the higher contents for kyenegum enzymes. Also, mineral contents of the extracted velvet antlers were higher, particularly in Ca and P for those. The contents of collagen protein, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, were found to be more than twice in kyenegum protease compared with other extracting methods. Conclusion : These results indicated that the Kyenegum crude enzyme and protease are very effective to extract of velvet antlers.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.39-74
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• 2002

Recently, increased attention has been paid to the growth of the height of children and adolescents. To accelerate growth, velvet antlers are typically used in Oriental medicine. The present study investigated the effects of velvet antlers of velvet antlers on bone growth using the cell line of Human Osteosarcoma (Hos), derived from the bone-generating cells essential to bone growth. In order to give certain stress to this Hos, the medium contained 1% FBS was used for culturing for Hos cell instead of 10% in control. In this condition of which the proliferation had been significantly decreased, the ethanol extract of upper part of velvet antlers was added, As a result, the cells proliferation rate was significantly increased. Using Oligonucleotide DNA microarray, comparison and analyses were done to see what kind of specific genes would be differentially expressed. The result showed that as opposed to the control group, the stressed group indicated a decrease in the expressions of 6 kinds of genes such as, Id1, retinoid X receptor(RXRB) and 14-3-3 epsilon, etc. The velvet antler treated group, as opposed to the control group, showed a decreased in the expressions of 8 kinds of genes such as Id1, etc. and an increase in the expressions of 24 kinds of genes. The number of genes that showed differences in the velvet antler treated group compared with the stressed group was 7 the expression of 1 kind of gene was decreased, and the expressions of 6 kinds of genes were increased. Considering the mechanism by which velvet antlers affected the growth of osteoblast through reviewing the functions of these genes, the following results were attained. The constraint in the proliferation of Hos cells resulting from the medium contained 1% FBS seems to be caused by three important factors: 1) the decrease of the expression of 14-3-3 epsilon involved in the signal transduction and metabolism of growth, 2) the decrease of the expression of Id1 gene involved in the metabolism of bone formation, and 3) the decreased of expression of RXRB gene involved in the metabolism of retinoci acid. It is suggested that the improvement of the cell proliferating effects by velvet antler treatment, in stressed condition si mediated by increment of 6 genes particularly 14-3-3 epsilon, RXRB, and IGF2, with are the crucial factors for the cell growth and differentiation, metabolism of retinoic acid and osteoblast proliferation, respectively.

• Journal of Evidence-Based Herbal Medicine
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2009

Velvet antlers from Cervus elaphus species are one of most famous, expensive and commonly used medicinal materials in traditional oriental medicine. Some distributor had illegal practice of disguising the origin of antlers in Korea market. Therefore, a test to distinguish antler essential to ensure the healthy development of the herbal industry. In this study, the variation in DNA sequences of the mitochondrial ATPase8 and cytochrome-coxidaseI (COI) genes of Cervus elaphus from China, the Republic of Altai, and Canada were evaluated. In addition, the sequence variation among, Rein deer and Cervus elaphus species was also evaluated. Although the sequences of deer from the Republic of Altai and Canada were very similar, polymorphisms that were conserved in each species were observed in the ATPase8 and COI genes. Therefore, these polymorphic markers could be used to distinguish Cervus elaphus antlers from different locations.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.542-551
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• 2017

The quality characteristics of velvet antlers obtained from Formosan sambar deer (Cervus unicolor Swinhoi) (SDVA), harvested from 63 to 81 d during the velvet antler growth period, were evaluated by investigating the relationships between antioxidant levels; including content, activity, and content/activity ratios, and physical properties; including shear force values, color, and Ca content. The hardness of samples from base velvet antler sections increased, and that the color of these samples tended to become reddish-yellow (redder and more yellow), suggesting that the Ca content in the base section of the sample was not ossified yet. Samples from the upper sections of velvet antler showed higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) content (3.91 to 1.50 mg/mL, 2.53 to 0.90 mg/mL, and 3.95 to 1.58 mg/mL, respectively) than did samples from the middle and base sections (p<0.05). The activity and content/activity ratios of GPX measured in the upper section were also found to be significantly greater than in the middle and base sections (p<0.05). We further observed that the content and activity of GPX was significantly and negatively correlated with Ca content, shear force values, and the content/activity ratio of this antioxidant (p<0.01). The study findings may serve as a reference index for quality evaluations of velvet antlers of Formosan sambar deer in future.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 녹용의 상품성 향상을 위한 건조 및 포장방법의 개발, 녹용의 유통체계 확립 및 녹용 수요의 다변화에 대처하기 위한 기초연구로 엘크녹용의 물성 특성을 규명하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 압축응력은 생녹용 중심부의 경우 상대 $60.73\;g/mm^2$, 중대 $145.65\;g/mm^2$, 하대 $260.97\;g/mm^2$, 벨벳층은 상대 $70.67\;g/mm^2$, 중대 $811.90\;g/mm^2$, 하대 $3,235.52\;g/mm^2$ 건녹용 중심부의 경우 상대 $190.43\;g/mm^2$, 중대 $445.81\;g/mm^2$, 하대 $705.86\;g/mm^2$, 벨벳층은 상대 $734.01\;g/mm^2$, 중대 $1,238.40\;g/mm^2$, 하대$ 4,134.03\;g/mm^2$ 였다. 2. 전단응력은 생녹용의 경우 상대 $50.24\;g/mm^2$, 중대 $294.44\;g/mm^2$, 하대 $423.47\;g/mm^2$, 건녹용은 상대 $124.14\;g/mm^2$, 중대 $367.69\;g/mm^2$, 하대 $425.86\;g/mm^2$ 였다. 3. 인장응력은 생녹용의 경우 상대 $13.59\;g/mm^2$, 중대 $62.85\;g/mm^2$, 하대 $112.07\;g/mm^2$, 건녹용은 상대 $77.24\;g/mm^2$, 중대 $175.87\;g/mm^2$, 하대 $184.06\;g/mm^2$ 였다. 4. 녹용을 건조할 경우 수분증발과 수축, 표면경화 등의 조직 변화에 의해 물리적 성질이 변화하며 중심부는 상대에서 하대로 갈수록, 벨벳층부는 하대에서 상대로 갈수록 물리적 변화가 크게 나타났다. 5. 엘크(Elk(Cervus canadensis))녹용은 생물체의 뿔이라는 특성상 생장점의 위치에 따른 응력의 크기변화가 크게 나타났다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2002

녹용의 상품화를 위해서는 건조과정이 필요하다. 지금까지의 인공건조는 사육농가 스스로의 경험에 의한 건조가 대부분으로 이는 건조시설 및 건조방법의 미흡으로 비효율적이며, 건조 중 변질되거나 먼지, 세균 등에 오염되기 쉽다. 최근 선진국에서는 농산물의 고품질건조를 위한 다양한 건조방법들이 실용화되고 있으며 마이크로파를 이용한 건조방법도 그 중의 하나이다. 이러한 점에 착안한 본 연구에서는 우리가정에 널리 보급되어 있는 전자레인지를 이용한 녹용의 건조 가능성 여부를 검토하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 녹용의 각질화 여부가 건조시간에 많은 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타나, 건조시간과 건조소요에너지를 줄이기 위해서는 녹용을 부위별로 절편하여 건조시키는 것이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 2. 같은 건조시간에서도 템퍼링 시간의 길고 짧음에 따라 건조속도가 다르게 나타났으며, 각질화 진행 정도에 따라 템퍼링 시간의 조절이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 3. 전자레인지를 이용한 녹용의 건조는 2분 건조 후 3분 템퍼링을 반복하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 4 본 실험결과 전자레인지의 마이크로파를 이용한 건조기술을 녹용 건조에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 5. 본 연구에서는 건조시간과 템퍼링 시간에 따른 건조만을 검토하였으나, 앞으로의 연구는 건조 후의 녹용의 성분변화 여부에 대한 검토가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 1999

Both ethanol and water extracts of unossified velvet antler were found to exhibit a significant immuno-stimulating activity as measured by carbon clearance test in mice, a remarkable anti-fatigue effect in weight-loaded forced swimming performance in mice, a significant anti-stress effect on immobilization in rats. The antler extracts also showed a weak but significant anti-thrombotic activity. These findings are indicative of adaptogenic properties of antlers and their normalizing effects during stressful condition.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

Antlers from deer species are alternative animal by-products. Due to the oriental trade, the velvet antler industry is rapidly emerging in North America. The unique biological property of antler wish a deciduous natural phenomenon offers the valuable model of biomedical research. Growing antlers showed different structures according to cell populations consisting of mesenchymes, chondroblasts, chondrocytes and osseous tissues from distal to proximal portions of main beam. Their structures were different from two tissues, cartilage and bone, in growing antlers. Zone of maturing ants calcifying chondrocytes referred as upper section was invaded by osteoblasts indicating the occurrence of endochondral ossification. The cartilaginous tissues were gradually replaced by osseous tissues downward. The bony tissues referred as the middle and base sections in this thesis contained spongy bone and cortical bone structure in the difference of the degree of mineralization antral the thickness of cortical bony in adjacent to outer velvet layer. In addition, the endocrinological regulators such as testosterone, prolactin, growth hormones and other growth factors are actively involved in the unique deciduous nature shown in the growth and development of antler.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.989-996
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• 2010

엘크 녹용의 부위별, 성장일수별 성분변화를 측정하기 위하여 3년생 엘크 6두에서 각각 녹용성장일수 80일과 90일된 녹용을 채취하여 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분, 칼슘, 마그네슘, 아미노산, 지질성분 및 지방산을 분석하였다. 조 단백질과 조지방 함량은 성장일수 80일된 녹용이 조회분 함량은 90일된 녹용에 많았으며, 성장일수간 유의차는 중대의 조단백질에서만 인정되었다(p<0.05). 칼슘과 마그네슘의 함량은 부위별 유의차가 나타났으며(p<0.05) 모든 부위에서 90일에 많은 함량을 나타내었으나 성장일수 간 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 녹용의 성장일수간 아미노산 함량은 aspartic acid, threonine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine 및 lysine에서 유의차가 인정되었으며(p<0.05), 필수아미노산의 함량은 모든 부위에서80일된 녹용이 많게 나타났다. 총지질, 중성지질, 인지질 등 지질성분은 성장일수 80일의 녹용의 함량이 많았고, sphingo-phospholipid의 함량이 glycerophospholipid의 함량보다 많았으며 성장일수 80일이 90일보다 많은 함량을 나타내었다. Lecithin 함량이 cephaline 함량보다 많았다. 총지방산, 불포화지방산의 함량은 성장일수 80일인 녹용이 많았으나 성장일수간 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 필수지방산의 함량은 성장일수가 길어질수록 적어지고 하대쪽보다 상대쪽이 많은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Food and Nutrition Research
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.170-176
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• 2021

This study was conducted to determine the composition change in different sections of elk velvet antler at 90 days. The following parameters were analyzed: moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber, pH, minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Pb), amino acids, and fatty acids. Dry matter, crude fiber, and crude ash contents were higher in the base of the antlers and lower in the tip. In contrast, crude protein and crude fat contents were highest in the tip. Moisture content was high in the upper and medium sections of the antlers, but the difference was not significant. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) contents were high in the base of the antlers, potassium (K) content was high in the tip of the antlers, and zinc (Zn) content showed no difference between antler sections. Saturated fatty acid content was highest in the base of the antlers, whereas unsaturated fatty acid content was highest in the tip. Among unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acid content was high in the tip of the antler, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acid content was high in the upper section of the antler. Essential amino acid content was highest in the upper section of the antler, whereas non-essential amino acid content was lowest in the base. Crude protein, crude fat, K, and unsaturated fatty acid content tended to be high in the tip of the antler, and essential amino acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents tended to be high in the upper section of the antler. The tip of the antler had the highest nutrient content. In order to prevent cardiovascular disease, consumption of a certain amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids and amino acids from the upper section of the antler could be beneficial in terms of pharmacological efficacy.