• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2006

Objectives : We evaluated anti-hyperlipidemia effect of Gyeongshinganjeehwan (GGEx) in high fat induced obese male micro-pigs. Methods : 7 month-old micro-pigs are fed with normal (n = 3) or high fat diet (n = 18) for 12 weeks. The pig revealed obesity in high fat diet were divided into 2 groups (n = 5 each) and vehicle (OMP) and Gyeongshingangjeehwan (GGEx, 616.7 mg/kg/day) were administrated for 1 month. We monitored the changes in body weight and measured plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, GOT and, GPT after 1 month. The visceral fat were measured with computerized tomography and weights of various organs were measured after sacrifice. Results : 1. GGEx group had significantly reduced body weight gain than obese control group in statistics. 2. GGEx group didn't significantly differ from obese control group in blood total cholesterol, blood LDL-cholesterol, blood triglyceride. but it's data were similar to normal control group. 3. GGEx group had prominantly reduced visceral fat than obese control group in computerized tomography. 4. Blood GOT and GPT didn't differ from between groups. The organ weight were not significant different. And it is normal in size and colour of visceral organs. Conclusions : It is concluded that GGEx has anti-hyperlipidemia effect by improving visceral fat and access to security.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2004

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of CKD-602 by a single intravenous dose in Sprague-Dawley rats. Ten males females were used in each test groups: a vehicle control, 34.7, 4l.7, 50.0, 60.0 and 72.0 mg/kg groups, and were given different single intravenous doses of CKD-602 to the test animals. Mortalities, clinical findings, and body weight changes were monitored for the 14-day period following the administration. At the end of l4-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete gross postmortem examinations were performed. One, 1, 2, 8 and 9 cases of deaths occurred in the male dose groups of 34.7, 41.7, 50.0, 60.0 and 72.0 mg/kg, respectively, and 1, 5 and 9 cases in the female dose groups 50.0, 60.0 and 72.0 mg/kg, respectively. An increase in the incidence of clinical signs such as alopecia, skin pallor skin ulcerations, emaciation and change of fecal material was found in the both sexes of all treatment groups. A decrease or Suppression in the body weight was also observed in a dose-dependent manner. In autopsy, male and/or female rats of the treatment groups showed treatment-related gross findings such as splenomegaly, atrophy of the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, ovary, uterus and thymus which were dose-dependent in incidence and severity. Based on these results, it was concluded that a single intravenous injection of CKD-602 to rats caused significant toxicities in gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, and reproductive systems. The $LD_{50}$ value was 53.8 (95% confidence limit: 48.5~60.6) mg/kg for males and 60.l (95% confidence limit: 55.3~65.8) mg/kg for females. The $LD_{10}$ value was 39.9 (95% confidence limit: 3l.7~44.8) mg/kg for males and 50.3 (95% confidence limit: 40.6~54.8) mg/kg for females.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to test if 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) are involved in the osmoregulatory actions in euryhaline starry flounder Platichthys stellatus. We investigated osmoregulatory parameters ($Na^+,\;Cl^-$ and osmolality), blood cortisol and glucose in starry flounder acclimated to seawater (SW, 33 psu) and that were transferred and allowed to acclimate to freshwater (FW, 0 psu). Fish in SW were injected with T3 (5, 10, and $15{\mu}g$/g body weight) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl), and then transferred to FW. They were sampled 3 days after the transfer. With T3 at $10{\mu}g$/g, levels of plasma $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were significantly higher than in sham (only saline) and control fish (without hormone and saline). Osmolality was significantly higher after injection with T3 at 10 and $15{\mu}g$/g than in the control. However, T3 at $5{\mu}g$/g had no effect on hyper-osmoregulation. In this study, all dose of T3 induced a significant increases in plasma cortisol without glucose. These results suggest a positive hyper-osmoregulatory role of T3 in starry flounder to hypoosmotic environment, maybe a positive interaction of T3 with cortisol for maintenance of hyper-osmoregulatory ability.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.53-68
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• 2010

Objectives : We investigated the effects of Sopungsungj-won(Shufengshunqjvuan) (SSEx1, SSEx2) on the metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet induced obese mice. Methods: 8 weeks old, high fat diet induced obese male mice were divided into 4 groups: C57BL/6 lean control, obese vehicle control, SSEx1, SSEx2. After mice were treated with SSExl, SSEx2 for 12 weeks, we measured body weight gain, food intake, feeding efficiency ratio, fat weight, plasma leptin, insulin, glucose and lipid levels. We also observe the morphology and count for the numbers of Adipocyte and evaluate the weight of organs and it's function. Results: 1. Compared to Obese Control Group, SSEx1 gained significantly lower body weight and showed lower Feeding Efficiency Ratio. 2. Compared to Obese Control Group, SSEx1 showed lower weights of epididymal adipose tissue, troperitoneal adipose tissue, inguinal adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue. SSEx2 showed higher weights of epididymal adipose tissue, troperitoneal adipose tissue, inguinal adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue. 3. Compared to Obese Control Group, the size of adipocytes was significantly decreased by SSEx1, whereas the number of adipocites per unit was significantly increased. Hepatic lipid accumulation was decreased significantly by SSEx1. 4. Concerning the weights of Liver, Heart, Spleen, Kidney and Pancreas, SSEx1, SSEx2 showed little differences with those of Lean Control, Obese Control. 5. Compared to Obese Control Group, SSEX1, SSEx2 showed lower level of plasma triglyceride, but SSEx1 had significance only. SSEx1, SSEx2 showed little lower level of plasma HDL-cholesterol. LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, but had no significances. 6. Concerning the levels of plasma glucose, insulin and leptin, SSEx1 and SSEx2 showed littele changes with those of Lean Control, Obese Control. 7. The leves of Plasma AST, AST, ALT, free fatty acid, BUN, creatinine were in the physiological range at 4 groups all: Lean Control, Obese Control, SSEx1, SSEx2. Conclusions : These results showed SSEx1 can be used as therapeutic agent for Obesity and metabolic syndrome caused by long-period high fat diet.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.9-14
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• 2020

This paper is a purpose to study the failure examples for a large bus vehicle fire. The first example, the researcher certified the fact that the absorbing material break away from the upper side of engine room because of weaken durability and the fire was produced in engine. The second example, it sought the fact that the fire breaks out by electric short because of over-load of compressor. The third example, it found the fact that the fire took place by heating of bellows upper part that was connected with muffler and exhaust manifold. The fourth example, it knew the fact that the fire occurred because of the electric short inside junction box of crash body part that was located to driver seat rightside. Therefore, the fire of a large bus occurring by decrepit of absorbing material and electric short have to thoroughgoingly manage the damage and dangerousness if it happens.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-64
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was to evaluate the effect of Jaeumkanghwa-tang (JEKHT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods: Six groups, each of 8 rats per group were used in the present study - intact vehicle control, PTU control, Levothyroxine ($LT_4$), JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treated groups. JEKHT were administered once a day for 42 days as an oral dose of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10 mg/kg for 28 days. The changes on the body and organ weight, serum hormone and lipid profiles, liver and testis antioxidant defense factors were observed with histopathology of organs. Results were compared with $LT_4$ 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally treated rats in this experiment. Results: PTU treatment, marked decrease of body weight, increases of thyroid weight, decreases of liver, testis, epididymis and prostate weights, decreases of serum Tri-iodothyronine ($T_3$), and Thyroxine ($T_4$) level with increase of serum Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, decreases of serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) level with increases of serum Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) level, increases of serum High density lipoprotein (HDL), decrease of triglyceride content, increase of serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level, decreases of liver and testis antioxidant defense factors were observed. In addition, marked hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreases of follicular colloid contents and diameters was additionally demonstrated with the decrease of hepatocyte numbers per unit area due to hypertrophy of hepatocytes related to lipid droplet depositions, increase of a/oligospermatic epididymal tubules with epididymal atrophic changes, seminiferous tubular atrophy with decrease of stage I~II seminiferous tubules in testis, prostate tubular atrophic changes at histopathological inspections. However, these PTU induced hypothyroidism and related hepatic and male reproductive organ damages were favorably and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and JEKHT also effectively regulated the PTU-induced abnormal antioxidant defense factor changes in the both liver and testis. Conclusions: JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg dose-dependently inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism and related liver and male reproductive organ damages in rats.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.339-346
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• 2012

The pre-evaluation of the current-collection performance is an important issue for high-speed railway vehicles. In this paper, using flexible multibody dynamic analysis techniques, a simulation model of the dynamic interaction between the catenary and pantograph is developed. In the analysis model, the pantograph is modeled as a rigid body, and the catenary wire is developed using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation, which can analyze large deformable parts effectively. Moreover, for the representation of the dynamic interaction between these parts, their relative motions are constrained by a sliding joint. Using this analysis model, the contact force and loss of contact can be calculated for a given vehicle speed. The results are evaluated by EN 50318, which is the international standard with regard to analysis model validation. This analysis model may contribute to the evaluation of high-speed railway vehicles that are under development.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2013

Nowadays, one of the most interested area of automobile industry is the production of vehicle which has collision safety and ability to produce less amount of $CO_2$. The achievement of such a dual performance is done by choosing the materials like dual phase steel, ferrite bainite steel, etc. These steels have been used in automotive chassis and body parts, and also used to be formed by hole flanging to meet the goal of strength and design requirement. The formability of sheet material was experimented by hole expansion test and the judgement relies on human eye and his experience. This manual judgement involves many errors and large deviation. This paper develops the automatic crack recognition system which finds a crack based on CCD image to complement the problem of the current method depending on human's sense.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2016

Exosomes are homogenous vesicles of 40-100 nm diameter produced endogenously. Exosomes are generated by inward budding into multi-vesicular bodies (MVB) and then released to extracellular space. Exosomes contain various nucleic acid and protein cargoes from their cells of origin and this endosomal cellular molecules are used for intracellular communication and for both promotion and suppression of immune responses. Recently, they are also considered as delivery vehicle for therapeutic proteins due to their characteristics of stability in body fluids and ability for target uptake. Also, they show less immune reactivity because the isolated exosome harboring therapeutic proteins can be from the same host. White-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis is one of the major insect commercially reared in Korea. There are bacterial and fungal pathogens causing diseases in the beetle, and these diseases incur economic loss to the larva-rearing farms. Due to their endosomal cargoes, exosomes are good candidates in use of disease diagnosis. In this study, we isolated insect exosome from the hemolymph of P. brevitarsis, and verified it by analysis of the exosome-specific surface proteins and RNA.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.167-170
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• 2015

The dairy industry, as part of the broader agricultural sector, is classified as a basic industry to the Korea economy. Basic industries provide income to a region by producing an output, purchasing production inputs, services and labor. An integrated, multidisciplinary approach for the next generation of dairy products with added health benefits represent the direct economic contribution. The commercialization of "nutritional" functional foods can only be successful if the consumer is confident in the scientific validity of the claims. Modern biotechnologies such as genomics, genetic expression and biomarkers of health performance suggested to whole dairy products, such as fluid milk, butter, cheese, ice cream and frozen dessert products (German, 1999). The following definition makes the point that dairy products can provide a nutritional value beyond the basic nutritional requirements: 1) The dairy industry has the opportunity to improve the health and well-being of its customers and/or to reduce their risk of disease through dairy products with added activities. 2) Functional dairy products are those that can be demonstrated to benefit target functions in the body in a way that improves the state of health and /or reduces the risk of disease. They are food products that are consumed as part of a normal diet rather than pills or supplements. 3) Dairy products based on functionality will need to link the scientific basis of such functionality to the communication of its benefit to the general public. 4) Both the efficacy and the safety of the food components with health benefits will require evidence based on the measurement of scientific biomarkers relevant to their biological responses and health end points. 5) Sound evidence from human studies based on intermediate health end points using accepted biomarkers will provide the basis for promotional messages divided into two categories-enhanced function and reduced risk of disease. 6) Success in solving key scientific and technological challenges will only be achieved by interdisciplinary research programs to exploit the scientific concepts in functional dairy science.