• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.112-116
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• 2006

To investigate the protective effect of saponin from red ginseng extract, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo--dioxin (TCDD) was exposed to female guinea pigs and then femur weights was measured. Forty eight female guinea pigs ($820{\pm}25\;g$) were divided into 6 groups. Normal control group (NC) received vehicle and saline; only TCDD-treated group (TT) received TCDD ($5.0\;{\mu}g/kg$, single dose) intraperitoneally; pretreated group of saponin 10 (PE 10) received 10 mg/kg of saponin i.p. for 4 weeks from 1 week before TCDD-exposure; pretreated group of saponin 20 (PE 20) also received 20 mg/kg of saponin i.p. for 4 weeks from 1 week before TCDD-exposure. While, post-treated group of saponin 10 (CE 10) received 10 mg/kg of saponin i.p for 3 weeks after TCDD-exposure. Post-treated group of saponin 20 (CE 20) received 20 mg/kg saponin i.p for 3 weeks after TCDD-exposure. Body weight of TT group was significantly decreased after TCDD-exposure. However, body weight in all saponin-treated groups increased throughout the experimental period, although the increasing rate was slower than that of NC group. Body weights of PE 10 and 20 groups showed more higher increase than those of CE groups during the experimental period. Decrease of femur weights in female guinea pigs by TCDD intoxification was significantly recovered by the saponin treatment. Decrease of $Ca^{2+}$ level of femurs in female guinea pigs exposed TCDD also recovered by the treatment of saponin from red ginseng extract. Especially, PE20 group showed the highest increase of the $Ca^{2+}$ level in femur among the saponin treated groups. These results suggest that ginseng saponin might be a useful protective agent against femur damage caused to decrease of $Ca^{2+}$ by TCDD.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.530-537
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• 2016

This study investigates frontal crashes, analyzes the driver's action related to the change of the collision direction and determines the severity of (bodily injury). This study was conducted from August, 2013, to January, 2014, and the data for the car damage and human body damage were collected by emergency medical teams. In terms of data collection, we collected the accident vehicle, crash direction, body damage, etc., based on the Korea In-depth Accident Study (KIDAS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS). We used Minitab 17 and SPSS 22.0 to do the frequency analysis and ANOVA. In the analysis results, the prevalence of frontal collisions was 55.8% and mostly occurred in the 12 o'clock direction. In the analysis of the frontal crash direction according to age, the average ages for the 11, 12 and 1 o'clock directions were $46.46{\pm}13.47$, $44.43{\pm}13.40$ and $52.46{\pm}12.04$, respectively, so the older age drivers had a high probability of the accident occurring in the 1 o'clock direction. In the analysis of men's frontal collision direction according to age, the average ages in the 11, 12 and 1 o'clock directions were $47.10{\pm}13.88$, $45.24{\pm}13.78$ and $55.73{\pm}13.38$, respectively, so older aged men had a high probability of having collisions in the 1 o'clock direction. However, the statistical analysis of the frontal crash direction according to age in women didn't show any meaningful trend. When comparing the ISS according to age of the men and women in the collision direction, the men were less likely to have a 12 o'clock collision when $ISS{\geq}9$ and more likely to have a 1 o'clock collision when ISS<9. As a result, frontal crashes are more likely to occur in the 12 o'clock direction and the ISS decreases because the likelihood of frontal crashes in the 1 o'clock direction increases with increasing age. Therefore, when men recognize that they are heading for a 12 o'clock direction collision, they try to steer to the left to reduce the body damage.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2009

Estrogens induce pronounced structural and functional changes in male and female reproductive system, but the exact mechanisms of estrogen are not fully understood. In relation to estrogen's function, the present study was designed to identify effects of estrogen receptor agonist, 4,4',4"- (4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)tris phenol (PPT) in the reproductive organ of the female mouse. The PPT was subcutaneously given to adult female mice at a weekly dosage of 3 mg in a volume 0.06 mL of vehicle for 3, 5 or 8 weeks whereas controls received weekly injections of the castor oil vehicle. Effects of PPT on reproductive organs were analyzed using a light microscope. PPT induced decreases of body, ovary and adipose tissue weights with experimental time. Ovary diameter of PPT treatment group was reduced as compared with control group. The number of Graffian follicle and corpus luteum was reduced in PPT treatment group. The luminal diameter of uterus was increased in relation with decrease of myometrium and endometrium height by PPT administration. The number of uterine glands was decreased by PPT treatment. These data indicate that PPT treatment induced morphological change of female reproductive organs resulting in alteration of fertility.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.38-43
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• 2014

This paper is to analyze and study the failure examples of fire by inflammables and electric contact faulty in interior of vehicle. The first example, the driver used to air freshener that remove the air conditioner bad smell. He get out of a car. And then, he put it on the crash pad. Before long, a fire breaks out because of explosion solar radiation. The second example, the driver used in room of a car. It certified the fire by disconnection phenomenon happened the electric overload. The third example, the driver install the heat rays to warm his body, In the initial stages, it didn't seek the dangerous of fire during using a car to 5,000km. This heat rays become to down durability so that produced the electric overload in an instant. The fourth example, after the man smoked the cigarette on riding with rear seat, he put it on seat in vehicle no extinguishing the burning cigarette. It knew the fact that burnt to ashes a car by on well combustible paper. Thus, the driver must consider a countermeasure for minimize the fire production when he use the inflammable and install adding electric system.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2016

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is an extremely toxic gas frequently produced during the incineration of plastics, such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). A victim of a fire who has inhaled smoke could have cyanide in the blood. Therefore, cyanide could be a good marker for a post-mortem examination of a fire as well as carboxyhemoglobine (COHb) test of blood samples. For a particular fire case, a burned body with a suicide note was found inside a burned vehicle. Even though the COHb value is conclusive evidence, measuring the COHb for denatured blood might be difficult due to severe thermal denaturation or the formation of methemoglobin (MetHb). To overcome this difficulty, cyanide could be used as an indicator when investigating the death of a fire victim. In this study, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was adopted to measure the levels of cyanide in the blood through derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr) under cation surfactant by scan and SIM mode. The concentration of cyanide in the blood of heart blood and brain of the victim was found to be 0.36 µg/mL and 1.20 µg/mL respectively, which was higher than the average value (0.041 µg/mL) found in the blood of 14 people who smoked.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.507-516
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• 2019

Costs invested in road maintenance and road development are on the rise. However, due to accidents such as portholes and ground subsidence, the risks to the drivers' safety and the material damage caused by accidents are also increasing. Following this trend, we have developed a system that determines road damage, according to the magnitude of vibration generated without directly intervening the driver when driving. In this paper, we implemented the system using a remote control car (RC car) simulator due to the limitation of the environment in which the actual vehicle is not available in the process of developing the system. In addition, we attached a vibration sensor and GPS sensor to the body of the RC car simulator to measure the vibration value and location information generated by the movement of the vehicle in real-time while driving, and transmitting the corresponding data to the server. In this way, we implemented a system that allows external users to check the damage of roads and the maintenance of the repaired roads based on data more easily than the existing systems. By using this system, we can perform early prediction of road breakage and pattern prediction based on the data. Further, for the RC car simulator, commercialization will be possible by combining it with business in other fields that require flatness.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

Recent international environmental regulations are focused on reducing pre-contamination and on sustainable development prior to the usage stage of a product. The Environmental Performance Declaration is being used as a tool for quantifying the environmental performance of products, to reduce contamination in advance, and for advertising the results of railway vehicles in Europe. In this study, a life cycle assessment of the tilting train was conducted, the first such case study in Korea, according to the ISO 14025 standard and Korea EDP (Environmental Declaration of the Product) rule. As a result of the LCA, the life cycle carbon emission of the tilting train was determined to be $3.54{\times}10^7kgCO_2eq.$ which is higher than that of a European train. Also, the amount of $CO_2$ emission of the Mcp and car body is higher than that of the other car and bogie.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of the present study is to observe the neuroprotective effect of the $NeuBo153^{\circledR}$ on transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods : $NeuBo153^{\circledR}$ was made by mixing the herbs, mainly the root of Panax ginseng, the root of Rehmannia glutinosa and Poria cocos, the stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis and Mel, and heating for 96 hours. Transient Focal cerebral ischemia (2 h of ischemia, 22 h of reperfusion) was induced by intraluminal suture method with SD rats. Sensory motor function was tested by rotarod test, prehensile traction test, beam balance test and foot fault test at 24 h after ischemia. The brain slices were stained by 2% 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and the infarct volume was measured by graphic analyzer at 24 h after ischemia. Results : $NeuBo153^{\circledR}$ treated group did not show significant differences compared with vehicle treated group in body temperature. Oral administration of $NeuBo153^{\circledR}$ reduced brain infarct volume by 29.7% compared with vehicle treated group. $NeuBo153^{\circledR}$ also showed protective effects on sensory motor functional deficits. Conclusion : $NeuBo153^{\circledR}$ treatment reduced brain damage and improved functional deficits induced by MCAo. It showed neuroprotective effects even when treatment was relayed 2 h after injury. Further research is required to evaluating long term functional recovery am accurate therapeutic range and mechanisms.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2014

Sunroof buffeting is one of the most critical issues in the vehicle wind noise phenomena. The experimental approach to solve this issue typically requires a lot of time and resources. To reduce time and cost, the numerical approach could be taken, which can also privide more insights into physical phenomena involved in sunroof buffeting, only if the accuracy in its predictions are guranteed. The benchmark test of various numerical solvers is carried out for the buffeting behavior of a simplified vehicle body, the Hyundai simplified model(HSM). The results of each solver are compared to the experimental measurements in a Hyundai aeroacoustic wind tunnel(HAWT) at various wind speeds. In particular, acoustic response tests were performed and the results were provided prior to all simulations in order to consider the real world effects that could introduce discrepancies between the numerical and experimental approaches. Through this study, most solvers can demonstrate an acceptable accuracy level for actual commercial development and high precision experimental data and computational prediction priories can be shared in order to promote the numerical accuracy level of each numerical solver.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.419-426
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• 2018

For an orbit transfer in a space exploration mission, a solid or liquid rocket booster is included at the last stage of the launch vehicle. During the orbit transfer, thrust misalignment can cause a severe orbit error. Three axis attitude control or spin stabilization can be implemented to minimize the error. Spin stabilization technique has advantages in structural simplicity and lightness. One of ways to apply the spin stabilization to the payload is to include a spin table system in the launch vehicle. In this paper, effect of the spin table system on separation dynamics of the payload is analyzed. Simple model of the spin table to mimic basic functions is designed and simulation environment is established with the model. Effect of the spin table is tested by evaluating separation dynamics of a payload with and without the spin table. Analysis on tolerance effect of separation spring constant on separation dynamics of a payload is conducted.