• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.6 s.113
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• pp.78-89
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• 2006

This study was conducted to analyze the planting structure and ecological characteristics of greon spaces on the grounds of e Dangjin steam power plant. To achieve these goals, we surveyed existing vegetation, plant community structure, Plant volume and growth rate. Based on e vegetation analysis, existing vegetation was classified into six types: herbaceous species $(70.54\%)$, evergreen coniferous trees $(21.17\%)$, deciduous broad-leaved trees $(5.10\%)$, deciduous coniferous trees $(1.47\%)$, shrubs $(0.12\%)$, and other types $(1.59\%)$. The coal storage, office, and playground areas were community is the natural forest area where a Pinus thunbergii / Pinus densiflora community is distributed in terms of vegetation structure, species diversity, plant volume, and growth rate. The artificial green spaces(near the coal storage, office, playground areas) had a single-layer structure. Species diversity indices of the artificial green areas were $0.1655\~0.4807$ compared to 0.8628 in the natural forest, which presented a good growth environment. Also, the plant volume in the artificial green space was lower than that of the natural green space. Therefore, it would be desirable to develope a multi-layer structure similar to that of the vegetation in the natural green space in order to improve the amount of plant volume. The plant-damage ratio of Pinus thunbergii was $52.48\%$ in the coal storage area, and $8.48\~ 11.52\%$, in the other survey areas. Also, the vitality of Pinus thunbergii was $15.45k{\Omega}$ in the coal storage areas, which indicates bad growing conditions. This suggests that soil characteristics and dust have a bad impact on growth. The investigation into deciduous tres' growth status showed that appropriate plants would be Albizzia julibrissin, Acer palmatum var. sanguineum, Acer palmatum, Malus spp., Prunus sargentii.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.231-246
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• 1992

In order to estimate effects of air pollution for pinus thunbergii forests arounding onsan industrial complex, structure of forest vegrtation was surveyed. In the survey of forest vegetation, pinus densiflora have been died or being withered, and importance value(I.V) of rhododendron mucromulatum and lespedeza spp. were low at the vicinity of industrial complex. Especially lespedeza maximowiczii and l. maritima were not entirely appeared at the vicinity of industrial complex. I.V. of quercus serrata, robinia pseudoacacia and alnus firma were preferably high at the vicinity of industrial complex, and those of smilax china, rubus crataegifolius and rhus trichocarpa were similar at every site and it could be guessed that those had a tolerance. Number of species had a difference over 10 species at the vicinity of industrial complex as compared with those of remote sites, and species diversity showed highly at the farther sites of industrial complex, and also at the low layer, number of species, species diversity and evennes were low at the vicinity of industrialcomplex and species weakened to air pollution were disappearing. It was possible that forest vegetation would be changed from pinus spp. to community of a. firma and r. pseudoacacia.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.76-84
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• 2014

This study was performed to monitor the effects of water level change on changes of landscape, vegetation community, and species diversity of riparian forest. Hantan river dam, study area, has been constructed in the area of Chansoo-myeon, Pocheon-si and Yeoncheon-eup, Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do, which is a dam for flood control only in flooding season. Landscape changes were notable after the construction of coffer dam, and the changes were caused by water level increase in areas of riparian forests which consisted of mainly withered willow as a dominant species in the flooding season. It changed vegetation communities of riparian forest from Phragmites japonica and Salix koreensis to Phragmites japonica. Species diversity index was lowest in 2010 when the coffer dam was constructed and showed an increasing trend later. Thus, this study is well in agreement with a previous report that plants of the genus Salix wither by muddy water during flooding and also suggests, controlling water level of river and prediction of water level change's effects should be considered when any facilities are planned.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.208-219
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• 2014

This work aims to establish the landscape ecological countermeasures to improve the sustainability of urban mountain forest and to enrich the biodiversity in twenty mountains of the Seoul Metropolitan City. Landscape ecological analysis was conducted based upon various criteria, such as area and elevation of mountains, flora, naturalized plants, vegetation, forest types, mountain trails, and public facilities. Various measures were suggested for the better maintenances of floristic diversity, introduced plants, vegetation and forest types of urban mountain forests. Sustainable recommendations for land use adminstration were developed for the preparations of a climate change-adapted urban mountain forests, as well as rational managements of ecosystem, walking trails, and public facilities within mountain forest. Rich and diverse natural vegetation as well as high floristic diversity were reported at mountains with higher elevations, larger area size, and rich landscape diversity. Mountains with low elevation, small size with easy public access, however, might require an urgent action to decrease the burdens by anthropogenic disturbances and urban development.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2004

An extensive study of the vegetation characteristics of the Hamersley Ranges, a mountainous desert area of north-west Australia, facilitated the comparison of plant species diversity measures with mountainous deserts of other parts of the world. Alpha diversity was defined as the number of species co-existing at local scales and was found to average 18 species per 0.1 ha for the Hamersley Ranges. This was found to be similar to seven other mountainous deserts in North and South America, and southern Africa. Variation in alpha diversity between these deserts was found to considerably lower than within deserts, suggesting that local processes control species richness at local scales. Beta diversity, defined here as turnover in species composition at various spatial scales, can be measured in many ways. For the Hamersley Ranges, Wilson's β ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 for five sites along a topographic gradient, whereas Whittaker's β between different plant communities was found to average 0.93. Comparable data was not found for other desert areas, but comparisons to non-desert areas suggest beta diversity within landscapes is relatively high and is likely to reflect the considerable landform heterogeneity of the Hamersley Ranges. 55∼70% of species were shared between different landscapes of the Hamersley Ranges; comparisons to other regions suggest beta diversity at this scale is relatively low. Gamma diversity, the number of species over large spatial extents, was successfully compared using regression analysis of the log-log species - area relationship. This revealed that the northern Sonoran desert has significantly less species than the Nama (inland) Karoo and Hamersley Ranges over medium spatial extents, but species numbers were similar at a regional scale. Several constraints to the valid comparison of species diversity were identified, including lack of standardisation of sampling techniques, the wide range of measures employed, general lack of published data, and the influence of the various components of spatial scale on most diversity measures. Recommendations on how to improve future comparative work are provided.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.4
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• pp.587-600
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• 2013

Juniperus chinensis forest were classified into 1 community group, 2 communities, 4 groups, 6 subgroups, and 7 vegetation units by phytosociological analysis(the method of ZM schools) with 79 vegetation data in south korea. By NMS analysis it appeared at first axis (13.8%) and second axis (69%) and comprehensive explanatory power was 31%. It was shown clearly in Donggang region, the East sea region and the Ulleungdo region. In INSPAN(Indicator species Analysis) of vegetation unit, 89 species were analyzed significantly. According to result of species diversity, evenness, dominance value, interspecific-competition and other related analyses for vegetation unit, the species diversity of vegetation unit 4 showed the lowest value 0.667, while the value of vegetation unit 6 showed the highest value 1.174. The dominance value of vegetation unit 7 showed the lowest value 0.163 and most vegetation units are on about 0.7, while the value of vegetation unit 1 showed highly above 0.8.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.329-341
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• 2023

We surveyed the vegetation of an ecological landscape preservation area (legally protected conservation areas or national parks) and the surrounding areas of Mt. Cheonggye, Republic of Korea, to explore the conservation implications for preservation areas and surrounding transition areas. We calculated diversity indices to identify the properties of the preservation and surrounding areas that are relevant to conservation efforts. We then compared the plant community composition between the areas using field and quadrat surveys in the preservation and surrounding areas. The cover of the dominant species in all tree and herb layers was markedly higher in the preservation area than in the peripheral zones. The species richness indices were significantly higher in the preservation area than in the peripheral zones. Ordination using detrended canonical correspondence analyses showed that the cover of the dominant tree species and rocks could explain the distribution of plant species in the Cartesian space of the ordination. Our results demonstrate that physiognomically designated protected areas match well with ecological data based on diversity indices and ordination analyses and that disturbances in the areas surrounding the ecological landscape of preservation areas can have considerable impacts on plant diversity indices. Hence, the preservation and management of surrounding areas are essential conservation elements for protecting the entire ecological landscape of preservation areas.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 1992

A study on the secondary succession and species diversity was conducted at burned sites of which pinus densiflora forest and its floor vegetation was almost destroyed by the forest first in the mts. todok, sansong and palgong from 1977 to 1986. The changes of vegetation during period the year to 11th after fire occurred miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens $\rightarrow$ miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens-lespedeza cyrtobotyra $\rightarrow$ lespedeza cyrtobotyra $\rightarrow$ lespedeza cyrtobotyra-quercus serrata community. The biological spectra based on $SDR_3$(%) and SP(%) were $H-D_1-R_5-e$ types. The species diversity generally decrease from miscanthus to lespedeza stage and reached minimum at stage of lespedeza, and after that a litter increase for lespedeza-quercus stage. The species distribution curves showed a decrease from miscanthus to lespedeza stage and slight increase at lespedeza-quercus stage in evenness.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.398-409
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• 2018

Organic farming practices including loach based ecosystem-farming have been demonstrated to be effective in conjunction with rice farming to increase yield and quality. This new form of farming combines agriculture and fishery and is quickly developing into a new industry. The current study investigated the effect of rice-fish mixed farming system on the vegetation-diversity function. Vegetation within the four study sites was surveyed and analyzed based on plant taxonomy. The vegetation survey demonstrated that 127 taxa of 38 families, 100 genera, 107 species, and 20 varieties occurred within the study sites. A total of 15 plant species taxa occurred in the rice-fish mixed paddy fields with a fish habitat and did not occur in the conventional paddy field lacking fish habitat. This difference is thought to arise from differences in moisture requirements for vegetation. Life form analysis demonstrated differences in hemicryptophytes, therophytes, and hydrophytes according to fish habitat. The naturalized plants identified were also determined to be species widely distributed throughout Korea. Frequency analysis demonstrated that the rice-fish mixed paddy fields with a fish habitat had a high ratio of both obligate and facultative wetland plants relative to the conventional paddy field. Based on the study results, it is likely that vegetation-diversity will increase with environment diversity. However, no statistical significance was observed according to paddy types. Future research should aim to identify additional environmental factors, including the existence of fish habitat, habitat area, depth of fish habitat, hydrological parameters, water quality, and paddy soil environment, to enhance vegetation-diversity and biocultural diversity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.520-527
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• 2007

Biomass and species diversity of understory vegetation after fertilization were studied for 28-year-old Quercus acutissima plantation (MQA), 29-year-old Pinus densiflora plantation (MPD), 8-year-old Betula platyphylla var. japonica plantation after coal reclamation (YBP), and 4-year-old Pinus densiflora plantation after forest fire (YPD) in central Korea. Nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium (6:4:1) fertilizer was applied for 3 years from 2004. Thereafter photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and understory species richness and diversity were measured in late July-early August 2006. PAR (${\mu}mol\;m^{-2}S^{-1}$) was higher at the fertilization treatment (100.9) than at the control (67.0) for MQA while was lower at the fertilization treatment (156.5) than at the control (268.7) for MPD. Total understory biomass (t $ha^{-1}$) was lower at the fertilization plot (1.8) than at the control plot (3.0) for YPD, however, there were no differences in biomass between fertilization and control plots for MQA, MPD and YBP. Total species number of understory vegetation was higher for fertilization than for control at MPD (47 vs. 45) and YPD (21 vs. 13), and was higher for mature plantations (33 vs. 37 for MQA and 47 vs. 45 for MPD) than for young plantations (16 vs. 16 for YBP and 21 vs. 13 for YPD). Species richness and diversity were higher at the fertilization treatment than at the control for MQA, YBP, and YPD while were lower at the fertilization treatment than at the control for MPD, however, the differences were not statistically significant. Our results indicate that there were no consistent patterns in light conditions, biomass and species richness and diversity of understory vegetation following fertilization. More detailed long-term studies with different fertilizer applications would be necessary to conclude the influence of fertilization on understory vegetation in the region.