• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2009

We investigated characteristics of channel morphology, flora and vegetation distribution at the main and the abandoned channels of the Hwangguji Stream and the Cheongmi Stream. The analysis of aerial photographs and old topographical maps showed that the abandoned channels were made by cut-off from the main channel due to the construction of artificial levee. The total number of species and percentage of exotic plants at the main channels were higher than those at the abandoned channels. At the abandoned channel, the percentage of species number of hydrophytes and hygrophytes was higher than those at the main channels in the both stream. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the floral structure between at the main and the abandoned channel was more similar in the Hwangguji Stream than that in the Cheongmi Stream. The relative distribution areas of hydrophytes and hygrophytes at two abandoned channels were much higher than those at the main channels in the both stream. The dominant plant was an emergent macrophyte, Zizania latifolia at two abandoned channels. Therefore, flora and vegetation at the abandoned channel showed more hydric and lentic characteristics and provided diversity on the landscape level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.147-167
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• 2019

This study was conducted to analyze forest vegetation structure in the Marugeum (Ridge) area of Gitdaebaegibong to Jukryeong, Baekdudaegan. Data were collected in 298 quadrates through a Braun-Blanquet vegetation survey from April, 2018 to October, 2018. Forest vegetation was classified into 13 vegetation units. A Quercus mongolica community was divided into Morus bombycis, Filipendula glaberrima, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Prunus maackii unit and Q. mongolica typical unit. The M. bombycis unit was further classified into a Deutzia glabrata group and M. bombycis typical group. The F. glaberrima unit was subdivided into a Veratrum oxysepalum group, Arundinella hirta group, and F. glaberrima typical group. The F. sieboldiana unit was divided into a Pinus densiflora group, Larix kaempferi group, and F. sieboliana typical group. The relationship between vegetation units and environmental factors was studied through coincidence analysis and CCA. The F. glaberrima unit (VU 6~8) was distributed by elevation above 1,200 m and other vegetation units were distributed below 1,200 m. Results of the CCA analysis showed that the F. glaberrima unit distribution is positively correlated with elevation. As a result of species diversity, the F. glaberrima unit was higher than other vegetation units. A similarity index analysis revealed that the F. sieboldiana unit (VU 9~11) was relatively homogeneous, and the M. bombycis unit (VU 1~5) and A. girta group (VU 7) were relatively heterogeneous. A detrended correspondence analysis determined that the distance between the statistical axes of the M. bombycis and F. glaberrima units was the greatest, which is consistent with the analysis of the similarity index. As a result of interspecific correlation of major woody plants, hydrophilic species were positively correlated, and a negative correlation was found between Q. mongolica and intolerant species such as P. densiflora and L. kaempferi.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.1-5
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• 2003

In order to prepare a basis for ecological restoration of the Seoul Metropolitan area, ecological diagnoses on soil physico-chemical properties and vegetation structure were carried out. Land use patterns, actual vegetation, and biotope patterns were also investigated based on aerial photograph interpretation and field checks. I formulated landscape elements overlaying those data and evaluated the ecological value of each element. Soil pollution was evaluated by analyzing soil samples collected in each grid on the mesh map, divided by 2km $\times$ 2km intervals. Soil samples were collected in forests or grasslands escaped from direct human interference. Soil pollution evaluated from pH, and SO$_4$, Ca, Mg, and Al contents of soil was more severe in the urban outskirts than in the urban center. Those soil environmental factors showed significant correlation with each other. Vegetation in the urban area was different in species composition from that in suburban areas and showed lower diversity compared with that in the suburban areas. Successional process investigated by population structure of major species also showed a difference. That is, successional trend was normal in suburban areas, but that in urban areas showed a retrogressive pattern. The landscape ecological map of Seoul indicates that the urban center lacks vegetation and greenery space is restricted in urban outskirts. Such an uneven distribution of vegetation has caused a specific urban climate and thereby contributed to aggravation of air and soil pollution, furthermore causing vegetation decline. From this result, it was estimated that such uneven distribution of vegetation functioned as a trigger factor to deteriorate the urban environment. I suggested, therefore, a restoration plan based on landscape ecological principles, which emphasizes connectivity and even distribution of green areas throughout the whole area of the Seoul to solve this complex environmental problem. In this restoration plan, first of all, I decided the priority order for connection of the fragmented greenery spaces based on the distances from the core reserves comprised of green belt and rivers, which play roles as habitats of wildlife as well as for improvement of urban environment. Next, I prepared methods to restore each landscape element included in the paths of green network to be constructed in the future on the bases of such preferential order. Rivers and roads, which hold good connectivity, were chosen as elements to play important roles in constructing green network by linking the fragmented greenery spaces.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 1985

The vegetation of common Cryptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) stands planted in Chonnam- province was investigated to obtain the fundamental informations for evaluation of suitable site and the improvement of managing method of the Cryptomeria stands in this region. The results investigated were summarized as follows; 1) The growth condition of common Cryptomeria planted 21-25-year-old stands was similar that of same species growing in Akidaken-district in Japan, while the growth condition of 51-58-year-old stands was not so good as that of Japanese. 2) Total number of plant species was 256. The number of floristic composition varied in the range of 42-99- species, which should be mere than those of Japanese. 3) The investigated sites were located in temperate southern part and in subtropic northern part of Korean peninsular. The types of understory vegetation were classified from I to IV class. 4) From the results of high max. possible diversity (H' max), and dominance (1-J') and from the low simple dominance (${\lambda}$) and evenness (J'), It could be concluded that vegetation was relatively in evenness. 5) From the low percent similarity, the specificity among the stands could be evaluated as considerable. 6) After the index of Morista, the 8th stand in Chang sung showed the generalized vegetation, while the 12th stand in Chang hung showed the specialized vegetation. 7) From the low values of Sneath-Sokal distance, the similarity among the stands investigated appeared very high.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the flora and vegetation structure at a 15-year-old artificial wetland for the water purification in Jincheon, Korea. The percentage of species number of obligate wetland plants and facultative wetland plants totaled 40%, whereas that of obligate upland plants and facultative upland plants was 57%. This result showed that the artificial wetland in the study experienced terrestrialization. The number of annual and biennial plants that are pioneer vegetation in a successional stage was lower than that of perennial herbs as a result of the long-term stabilization of vegetation. From the results of DCA (detrended correspondence analysis), water depth played an important role on the classification of vegetation structure in an old artificial wetland. Species diversity was higher in the terrestrialized plant communities such as Iris pseudacorus and Aster koraiensis than in any other wetland communities. Plant communities could be classified according to the wetland indices; obligate upland for A. koraiensis community, facultative wetlands for Carex dispalata var. dispalata and I. pseudacorus community, and obligate wetlands for Nymphoides peltata, Nymphaea tetragona, Phragmites communis, Potamogeton maackianus, and Typha angustifolia community. In conclusion, this result suggests that wetland vegetation should be maintained against terrestrialization through the proper management of sedimentation and hydrological regime in an artificial wetland.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.187-198
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to analyze the flora and forest vegetation of trails with high visitor density at Molundae. Nine quadrats of $20{\times}20m$ were selected for the survey. The survey was conducted from April to October 2010. The obtained results are summarized as follows. Plot1, plot2, plot3, plot4, plot6, and plot7 were located at slopes of $5{\sim}20^{\circ}$, 17~40m above sea level, and were formed with the colony of Japanese black pine(Pinus thunbergii Parl) and Japanese black pine(Pinus thunbergii Parl)-white oak(Quercus aliena Blume). Tree layer had the height of 8~20m, and the coverage of 50~70%, while subtree layer had the height of 3-8m, and the coverage 30~80%. On the other hand, shrub layer had the height of 2~4m, and the coverage of 10~30%, and herb had the height of 0.2~1m and coverage 5~20%. Plot5, plot8, and plot9 were located at the summit areas of 57~78m above sea level, and $0^{\circ}$ slope. Japanese black pine(Pinus thunbergii Parl) formed a community there. Tree layer was 8~20m high, and covered 60~70%, of the area, and subtree layer was 6~8m high, and coverage 30~40%. Shrub layer had the height of 2~6m, and the coverage of 30%, while herb layer had the height 0.2~2m, and the coverage 20-80%. Succession does not occur in the surveyed areas which have high visitor density. Artificially planted sawtooth oak(Quercus acutissima) trees were found to disturb succession and formation of multi-layer vegetation, resulting in the ecologically unstable forest. Therefore, the researcher suggested the strategy of managing the vegetation in the conclusion. This study has the limit in that the plots selected for the survey reflected only part of various trails in the Molundae area. It is necessary to suggest the vegetation management plans by selecting more diverse trail areas in consideration of the visitor density and behaviors, and analyzing the changes in vegetation quantitatively in order to manage the vegetation in urban areas damaged by visitors more effectively.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2022

Owing to their high bioproductivity and unique physical environment, estuarine wetlands are gaining importance in national biodiversity management and habitat conservation. With regard to conservation and management of estuarine wetlands, this study analyzed the ecological characteristics of Gahwacheon Estuarine Wetland, an open estuary with various habitat types. Data from vegetation and biotic surveys have shown that 12 plant communities of five physiognomic vegetation types, including lentic herbaceous vegetation, halophytic herbaceous vegetation, and chasmophytic herbaceous vegetation. Due to the discharge of Namgang Dam and the effect of the tide, vegetation are distributed along the narrow waterside area. In terms of biodiversity, a total of 715 species, including 12 endangered wildlife species, were identified. Species diversity was relatively high in sections I and III where various riverbed structures and microhabitats were distributed. Due to the effect of the brackish water area following the inflow of seawater, endangered wildlife of various functional groups were also found to be distributed, indicating the high conservation value of that area. The collection of ecological information of the Gahwacheon Estuarine Wetland can be used as a framework for establishing the basis for conservation and management of the estuarine ecosystem and support policy establishment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2023

This study was established to provide basic information necessary for ecological management to restore the naturalness of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) plantations located in the mountains of Gyeongbuk, Korea. Using vegetation data collected from 200 black locust stands, vegetation types were classified using the TWINSPAN method, the spatial arrangement status according to the environmental gradient was identified through DCA analysis, and a synoptic table of communities was prepared based on the diagnostic species determined by determining community fidelity (Φ) for each vegetation type. The vegetation types were classified into seven types, namely, Quercus mongolica-Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum type, Castanea crenata-Smilax china type, Clematis apiifolia-Lonicera japonica type, Rosa multiflora-Artemisia indica type, Quercus variabilis-Lindera glauca type, Ulmus parvifolia-Celtis sinensis type, and Prunus padus-Celastrus flagellaris type. These types usually reflected differences in complex factors such as altitude, moisture regime, successional stage, and disturbance regime. The mean relative importance value of the constituent species was highest for black locust(39.7), but oaks such as Quercus variabilis, Q. serrata, Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima, and Q. aliena were also identified as important constituent species with high relative importance values, indicating their potential for successional trends. In addition, the total percent cover of constituent species by vegetation type, life form composition, species diversity index, and indicator species were compared.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.244-244
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• 2017

Soil salinity due to accumulation of salts particularly sodium chloride affects agricultural lands and their vegetation. Generally, rice is a moderately sensitive plant with some cultivars with varying tolerance to salinity. Though there are physiological differences between salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant rice cultivars, both are still affected especially during high salinity and prolonged exposure. This also ultimately affects their indigenous bacterial endophytes particularly those that inhabit the rice seed endosphere. This study investigates the dynamic structure of seed bacterial endophytes of salt-sensitive and tolerant rice cultivars grown in different levels of soil salinity. Endophytic bacterial diversity was studied Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Results revealed a very interesting pattern of diversity and shifts in community structure of bacterial endophytes in the rice seeds. There is a general decrease in diversity for the salt-sensitive rice cultivar, IR29 as soil salinity increases. For the salt-tolerant cultivars, IC32 and IC37, diversity interestingly increased at moderate salinity then decreased at high soil salinity. The patterns of community structure is also strikingly different for the salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant rice cultivars. IR29 has a more even distribution of abundance, but under soil salinity, the community shifted where Curtobacterium, Pantoea, Flavobacterium and Microbacterium become the more dominant bacterial communities. For IC32 and IC37, the dominant bacterial groups under normal stress conditions were also the dominant bacterial groups during salt stress conditions. Their seed bacterial community is dominated by endophytes belonging to Microbacterium, Flavobacterium, Pantoea, Kosakonia and Enterobacter. Stenotrophomonas and Xanthomonas have not changed in terms of abundance under different salinity stress level in the salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant rice cultivars. This study showed that soil salinity greatly influenced the seed bacterial communities of rice seeds irrespective of their physiological tolerance to salinity.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.501-508
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• 2013

We have researched heterogeneity of naturalized river plant community by ${\beta}$-diversity for restoration of river community which has high diversity plant species. As a result the average of heterogeneity was 0.32(range 0.23~0.37) from the river to the inland. This value shows community turnover of species composition of plant communities 6 times. The ${\beta}$-diversity was no difference among water system of Seomjin river, Han river, Nakdong river and Geum river. The upper-river valley(0.36) was higher than lower-river valley(0.23) in each water system(p level<0.05). Multiple regressing analysis was used for look the relationship with Environmental factors as a result, it shows ${\beta}$-diversity significant on a slope. River mimetic diagram with dominant species that appear through Belt-transect painted. Dominant plant species turned 6 time in upper-river and turned about 5 time in lower-river. The result of this study suggested practical basis of planting species and planting pattern. To improve species diversity of river plant community, slope degree raise is the most important.