• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 2013

Species distribution modeling is one of the most effective habitat analysis methods for wildlife conservation. This study was for evaluating the suitability of species distribution to distance between forest patches in Seoul city using tits. We analyzed the distribution of the four species of tits: varied tit (Parus varius), marsh tit (P. palustris), great tit (P. major) and coal tit (P. ater), using the landscape indexes and connectivity indexes, and compared the resulting suitability indexes from 100m to 1,000m. As factors affecting to the distribution of tits, we calculated landscape indices by separating them into intra-patch indices (i.e. logged patch area (PA), area-weighted mean patch shape index (PSI), tree rate (TR)) and inter-patch indices (i.e. patch degree (PD), patch betweenness (PB), difference probability of connectivity (DPC)), to analyze the internal properties of the patches and their connectivity by tits occurrence data using logistic regression modeling. The models were evaluated by AICc (Akaike Information Criteria with a correction for finite sample sizes) and AUC (Area Under Curve of ROC). The results of AICc and AUC showed DPC, PA, PSI, and TR were important factors of the habitat models for great tit and marsh tit at the level of distance 500~800m. In contrast, habitat models for coal tit and varied tit, which are known as forest interior species, reflected PA, PSI, and TR as intra-patch indices rather than connectivity. These mean that coal tit and varied tit are more likely to find a large circular forest patch than a small and long-shaped forest patch, which are higher rate of forest. Therefore, different strategies are required in order to enhance the habitats of the forest birds, tits, in a region that has fragmented forest patches such as Seoul city. It is important to manage forest interior areas for coal tit and varied tit, which are known as forest interior species and to manage not only forest interior areas but also connectivity of the forest patches in the threshold distance for great tit and marsh tit as adapted species to the urban ecosystem for sustainable ecosystem management.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.65-68
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• 1999

In December-January of 1996-1997 and 1997-1998, information was gathered about vertical distribution of foraging sites of tits in 34 flocks in coniferous and deciduous forests. There was a significant effect of forest type on the distribution of foraging sites of each species. Habitat was classified into 5 height layers vertically: ground, bushes (usually＜1.5 m, up to 3 m), tree layer 1 (up to 1/3 of tree height), tree layer 2 (1/3-2/3 tree height). and tree layer 3 (＞2/3 tree height). There were differences among species: great tit (Parus major) foraged mostly on the ground, coal tit (P. ater) and long-tailed tit (Acrocephalus caudatus) - on the highest tree layer, marsh tit (P. palustris) was often seen on bushes, and varied tit (P. varius) - in tree layer 2. Smaller species used upper and outer parts of trees. suggesting that, like in most other similar studies. larger dominant species prevented smaller species from using inner parts of trees.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.760-766
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• 2011

This study was analyzed between actual vegetation type and 4 Paridaes of Korea (Great tit Parus major minor, Marsh tit P. palustris hellmayri, Coal tit P. ater amurensis, Varied tit P. varius varius) in the urban forests in Seoul. The population size of total Paridaes was highest in Robinia pseudoacacia community. When supposed the same area for revision of the difference of each type, the population size was highest in Alnus hirsuta community. The next orders of total observed population was Alnus hirsuta - Pinus desniflora - Quercus acutissima - Castanea crenata. In the urban forest, Paridaes are looks not affected by the naturality of vegetation but other key figure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in egg-laying characters of Varied tit (Parus varius) as elevation in the Mt. Jirisan. We set up 144 artificial nest-boxes at three sites located in 300, 900, 1400m in elevation and checked egg size, clutch size and first date of egg-laying. At a result, There was no difference in egg size as elevation. But clutch size at high elevation was lower than at low elevation. Also, first date of egg-laying at high elevation was later than at other sites. In this research, we think that difference of clutch size at three sites result from 'individual adjustment hypothesis' and difference of first date of egg-laying have relation to sprouting date of leaves and distribution of insects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1969

As one phase of the biological control of the Pine gall-midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye, this investigation on birds as a vertebrte predator of the larvae of Pine gall-midge was carried out. Species of the birds as predator, number of the larvae as prey for individual birds and seasonal trends of the prey quantity were studied. This work was carried out during the late fall of 1967 and 1968 at Kwang Nueng Forest which is one of the heavily infested districts by the Pine gall-midge. 1. Korean Great-Tit, East China Marsh-Tit, Quelpart Coal-Tit, White-headed Long-tailed Tit, Varied Tit, Kamchatkan Rustic Bunting, Yellow-thrated Bunting, Chestnut Bunting and Korean Goldcrest were found to be the predator of the larvae of Pine gall-midge. 2. The average number of larvae as prey found from individual predator bird species were approximatly 108 for Kamchatkan Rustic Bunting, 17-64 for East China Marsh-Tit, 25-28 for Korean Great Tit and 36 for Quelpart Coal Tit. 3. The seasonal change in the number of the larvae which fell into the ground affected the seasonal trends of the prey quantity of the predator birds 4. Among the 380 birds examined, 157 birds were found to attack the larvae of Pine gall-midge.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.338-341
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• 2005

This study was conducted to describe the differences in artificial nest boxes use of tits between deciduous and coniferous forests at 2nd campus of Chung-Ang University ($37^{\circ}00^{\prime}04^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $127^{\circ}13^{\prime}96^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$), Ansung, Korea from January to August 2005. Tree species richness, tree species diversity index (H') and total basal areas were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. High, middle, low and understory canopy layers were more developed in deciduous forest, except the coverage of bush-ground layer. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major used the artificial nest boxes in this study. Number of breeding pairs of tits used artificial nest boxes, clutch size, and weight and size of eggs were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. The differences in habitat structure between study sites are very likely to have influenced how breeding birds used the available habitat. Artificial nest boxes could be used as management and conservation tool for birds, particularly in areas, where the availability of natural cavities and coverage of higher layer are limited.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.397-401
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• 2011

This study was conducted to clarify the breeding ecology of tits Parus spp. used artificial nest boxes in a deciduous forest at the Ansung Campus, Chung-Ang University from March through July, 2006 to 2010. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major bred in artificial nest boxes during our study period. There were no differences in number of breeding bird pairs among different entrance diameters of artificial nest boxes. The number of breeding pairs of great tits was the most highest among tits and that of varied tits was the least. Great tits mainly used 40 mm and 35 mm artificial nest box entrance diameter and marsh tits preferred 30 mm entrance diameter. In three tits species, there were differences in first egg date, clutch size, brood size, egg incubation period, nestling care period and breeding success among study years. It is needed the study on long-term ecological research about breeding ecology of tits related with habitat conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 2008

This study was conducted to clarify the use of artificial nest boxes of tits in coniferous and deciduous forests from March to June 2006 and 2007. Tree species richness, tree species diversity and total basal area were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. Except the bush-ground layer (<1 m), the other vertical layers were more developed in deciduous forest. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris, coal tit P. ater and major tit P. major used the artificial nest boxes in this study. Number of breeding pairs of tits were higher in deciduous than in coniferous forest. Clutch size, brood size and breeding success of coal tits were higher in coniferous forest. Brood size and breeding success of major tits were higher in deciduous forest. Characteristics of habitat and niche partition would be influenced on tits' use of artificial nest boxes. The more detailed researches on artificial nest boxes would be needed for management and conservation of birds.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.471-480
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of breeding bird community in relation to altitude and vegetation in Jirisan National Park. The survey was carried over 4 study sites by point counts method to figure out habitat environment and breeding bird community from March to August in 2006. The study results are summarized as follows: Total 32 species were recorded, and 27 species and density of 37.31 ea/ha in low altitude mixed forest, 23 species and 34.99 ea/ha in low altitude deciduous forest, 18 species and 23.95 ea/ha in high altitude mixed forest, 19 species and 20.21 ea/ha in high altitude deciduous forest, respectively. Eleven species were observed only in the low altitude sites, 4 species were observed only in the high altitude sites. Number of species and density were high in the low altitude sites, and they were high in the mixed forests. In nesting guild analysis, the low altitude sites are similarly found species number of three types but canopy nesting species in the high altitude sites are advent less. In foraging guild analysis, the species number of canopy foraging appeared most highly in all study sites. In the difference analysis of each species density. Four species which are showed the difference in the low altitude sites, owing to vegetation. Long-tailed Tit(Aegithalos caudatus) and Great tit(Parus major) are difference because of difference in volume of canopy layer, and Coal Tit(Parus ater) was difference because of coniferous forest preference quality. Four species(Hazel Grouse, Winter Wren, Pale Thrush, Yellow-throated Bunting) which are showed the difference of the density in the high altitude sites because of thick growth of the bush layer. Ten species which are showed the difference in study sites, owing to altitude. Oriental Cuckoo(Cuculus saturatus), Winter Wren(Troglodytes troglodytes), Siberian Blue Robin(Luscinia cyane), Arctic Warbler(Phylloscopus borealis), Coal Tit(Parus ater), and Yellow-throated Bunting(Emberiza elegans) appeared highly in the high altitude sites, Pale Thrush(Turdus pallidus), Long-taild Tit(Aegithalos caudatus), Varied Tit(Parus varius), and Eurasian Nuthatch(Sitta europaea) appeared highly in the low altitude sites. It seems that bush layer coverage volume and canopy layer total coverage volume do influences on the breeding bird community, because the bush layer was thick growth, and canopy layer coverage volume was difference. It would be needed the management and maintenance of bush layer coverage volume and canopy layer with multi-layer structure to increase foliage height diversity and total coverage volume for the protection and management of bird community in Jirisan National Park.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.666-675
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• 2013

This research was carried out from March 2009 to July 2012 to explicate the height change based breeding-ecological characteristics of Titmice that were breeding in the artificial nests installed in the Halla Mountain. The first egg-laying day was delayed as the height of the area under investigation increased, and it turned out that the decrease in temperature due to the elevated height had influence on that delay (p<0.05). Generalizing the annual results of the analyses, we see that there was no significant correlation occurring between the average temperatures and egg-laying days in the breeding season (April~June) (p>0.05). The rate of artificial nest use was not different among areas and among year, but between the species, Parus major and Parus varius. There were differences in clutch sizes among species (p>0.05), but no differences in heights and years (p<0.05). The hatching-, fledging-, and breeding-success rates were 67.3%, 99.5%, and 67.0% respectively in 2011, and 71.3%, 96.8%, 69.0% respectively in 2012, from which we can tell that the fledging-success rate was high but the hatching- and breeding-success rates were similar. Though we confirm that temperature changes due to height differences had influence on breeding periods, but we cannot identify a significant correlation with other breeding-ecological characteristics. Thus, in order to more precisely explicate the influence of temperature changes due to heights on Titmice's breeding, long-term research is needed in terms of the investigation of microclimatic factors and food resource.