• Title/Summary/Keyword: Variations

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Promoter -202 A/C Polymorphism of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Gene and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Risk (인슐린양 성장 인자 결합 단백-3 유전자 -202 좌위의 다형성에 따른 비소세포폐암의 위험도)

  • Moon, Jin Wook;Chang, Yoon Soo;Han, Chang Hoon;Kang, Shin Myung;Park, Moo Suk;Byun, Min Kwang;Chung, Wou Young;Park, Jae Jun;Yoo, Kyeong Nam;Shin, Ju Hye;Kim, Young Sam;Chang, Joon;Kim, Sung Kyu;Kim, Hee Jung;Kim, Se Kyu
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.58 no.4
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    • pp.359-366
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    • 2005
  • Background : IGFBP-3 inhibits the mitogenic and anti-apoptotic activity of IGF by blocking the binding of IGF to its receptor. However, under certain circumstances, IGFBP-3 can enhance the activity of IGF by protecting IGF from its degradation. More than half of the interindividual variations in IGFBP-3 levels are known to be genetically determined by the polymorphism at -202 locus of IGFBP-3 gene. Method : We attempted to ascertain whether A-202C polymorphic variation of IGFBP-3 gene constitutes a risk factor for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Our study included 104 NSCLC patients and 104 age-, gender-, and smoking status-matched control subjects. Result : In the 104 NSCLC subjects, the genotypic frequencies at the -202 site were as follows: AA = 67 (64.4%), AC = 35 (33.7%), and CC = 2 (1.9%). We did detect significant differences in the genotypic distribution between the NSCLC and the control subjects (p<0.05), and the NSCLC risk correlated significantly with AA genotype at the -202 locus (AA>AC>CC). Using CC genotype as a reference, the odds ratio (OR) for the subjects with AC genotype was 2.60 (95% CI: 0.89 - 8.60), and the OR associated with AA genotype was 5.89 (95% CI: 1.92 - 21.16). Conclusion : These results indicate that the dysregulation of IGF axis should now be considered as another important risk factor for NSCLC, and a potential target for novel antineoplastic therapies and/or preventative strategies in high-risk groups.

Microsatellite Alterations of Plasma DNA in Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (비소세포폐암 환자의 혈장 DNA를 이용한 Microsatellite 분석)

  • Kim, Kyu-Sik;Kim, Eun-Jung;Kim, Soo-Ock;Oh, In-Jae;Park, Chang-Min;Jeong, Ju-Yeon;Kim, Yu-Il;Lim, Sung-Chul;Park, Jong-Tae;Kim, Young-Chul
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.58 no.4
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    • pp.352-358
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    • 2005
  • Microsatellites are short tandem repeated nucleotide sequences that are present throughout the human genome. Variations in the repeat number or a loss of heterozygosity around the microsatellites have been termed a microsatellite alteration (MA). A MA reflects the genetic instability caused by an impairment in the DNA mismatch repair system and is suggested to be a novel tumorigenic mechanism. A number of studies have reported that MA in the DNA extracted from the plasma occurs at varying frequencies among patients with a non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The genomic DNA from 9 subjects with a non-small cell lung cancer (squamous cell cancer 6, adenocarcinoma 2, non-small cell lung cancer1) and 9 age matched non-cancer control subjects (AMC: tuberculosis 3, other inflammatory lung disease 6) and 12 normal control subjects (NC) were extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes and plasma. Three microsatellite loci were amplified with the primers targeting the Gene Bank sequence D21S1245, D3S1300, and D3S1234. MA in the form of an allelic loss or a band shift was examined with 6% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. None (0/12) of the NC subjects less than 40 years of age showed a MA in any of the three markers, while 88.9%(8/9) of the AMC above 40 showed a MA in at least one of the three markers (p<0.05). Sixty percent(6/10) of the control subjects with a smoking history showed a MA in one of the three markers, while 9.1%(1/11) of the control subjects without smoking history showed a MA (p<0.05). However, not only did 66.7%(6/9) of lung cancer patients show a MA in at least one of the three markers but so did 88.9%(8/21) of the AMC patients (p>0.05). In conclusion, a MA in the D21S1245, D3S1300, and D3S1234 loci using DNA extracted from the plasma was detected in 66.7% of lung cancer while no MA was found in the young non-smoking control subjects. However, many of the non-cancer control subjects (aged smokers) also showed a MA, which compromised the specificity of the MA analysis as a screening test. Therefore, a further study with a larger sample size will be needed.

Reproductive Ecology and Genetic Variations in the Sea Urchins Anthocidaris crassispina and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus in the Cheju Coast (제주연안에 서식하는 보라성게 Anthocidaris crassispina와 말똥성게 Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus의 지역별 번식생태학적 특성과 유전적 변이의 비교)

  • 이정재;김범규;강상균;정상철;이기완;최광식
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.129-135
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    • 2000
  • Genetic variabilities of local populations of Anthocidaris crassispina and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus were analysed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique with phenotypic variabilities in timing of gonadal maturation, reproductive output and size of individuals in Cheju. H, pulcherrimus, collected from 4 locations during March 1997, indicated that Daepo individuals were significantly smaller than that at Hamdok, Wimi site A and Wimi site B (ANOVA, p>0.001). Gonodal-somatic index (GSI) of the Wimi site B population was significantly higher than that of three other locations (ANOVA, P>0.0001). An ANOVA test conducted on test size of A. crassispina, harvested from six different locations of Cheju during June 1997, indicated that the size of individuals from Pophwan was significantly smaller (P>0.0001) than that from five other locations. GSIs of urchin m Wimi and Hanlim were significantly higher than that from Pohwan and Oedo (ANOVA, p>0.0001). Genetic similarity, calculated from k13 primer analysis of total DNA, among the six different populations of A. crassispina varied from 0.67 to 0.92, and the values for H. pulcherrimus from 0.60 to 0.73; thus there was no genetic variation among different populations of the same species. Therefore, the populations are genetically homologous and the observed phenotypic variabilities were possibly associated with water temperature and food.

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Optimum Population in Korea : An Economic Perspective (한국의 적정인구: 경제학적 관점)

  • Koo, Sung-Yeal
    • Korea journal of population studies
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.1-32
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    • 2005
  • The optimum population of a society or country can be defined as 'the population growth path that maximizes the welfare level of the society over the whole generations of both the present and the future, under the paths allowed by its endowments of production factors such as technology, capital and labor'. Thus, the optimum size or growth rate of population depends on: (i) the social welfare function, (ii) the production function, and (iii)demographic economic interrelationship which defines how the national income is disposed into consumption(birth and education of children included) and savings on the one hand and how the demographic and economic change induced thereby, in turn, affect production capacities on the other. The optimum population growth path can, then, be derived in the process of dynamic optimization of (i) under the constraints of (ii) and (iii), which will give us the optimum population growth rate defined as a function of parameters thereof. This paper estimates the optimum population growth rate of Korea by: specifying (i), (ii), and (iii) based on the recent development of economic theories, solving the dynamic optimization problem and inserting empirical estimates in Korea as the parametric values. The result shows that the optimum path of population growth in Korea is around TFR=1.81, which is affected most sensitively, in terms of the size of the partial elasticity around the optimum path, by the cost of children, share of capital income, consumption rate, time preference, population elasticity of utility function, etc. According to a survey implemented as a follow up study, there are quite a significant variations in the perceived cost of children, time preference rate, population elasticity of utility across different socio-economic classes in Korea, which implied that, compared to their counterparts, older generation and more highly educated classes prefer higher growth path for the population of Korea.

High Resolution Gravity Mapping and Its Interpretation from both Shipborne and Satellite Gravity Data in the Ulleung Basin (울릉분지에서의 선상중력과 위성중력 통합에 의한 중력 해상도 향상 및 해석)

  • Park, Chan Hong;Kim, Jeong U;Heo, Sik;Won, Jung Seon;Seok, Bong Chul;Yu, Hae Su
    • Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.27-38
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    • 1999
  • The errors between track segments or at the cross-over points of shipborne gravity were successfully reduced by applying a cross-over error adjustment technique using satellite gravity. The integration of shipborne and satellite altimeter-implied free-air gravity anomalies after the cross-over error adjustment resulted in a high resolution gravity map which contains both short and long wavelength components. The successful adjustment of the cross-over errors in the shipborne gravity using the satellite gravity suggests that the shipborne gravity can be combined with the satellite anomalies characterized by a stable and long wavelength component. The resulting free-air anomaly map is evenly harmonized with both short and long wavelength anomalies. Thus the corrected anomaly map can be better used for the geological interpretation. Free-air anomalies with more than 140 mGal in total variations generally correspond to the seafloor topographic changes in their regional patterns. A series of gravity highs are aligned from the Korea Plateau to the Oki Island, which are interpreted to be caused by seamounts or volcanic topographies. The gravity minima along the western and southern shelf edge are associated not only with the local basement morphology and thick sediment fill at the continental margin, but also possibly with the crustal edge effect known for passive continental margins. Series of NE-trending linear anomalies are possibly caused by a swarm of volcanic intrusions followed the initial opening of the Ulleung Basin. The linear high anomalies in the Ulleung Plateau are terminated by the straightly NNW-trending anomalies with a sharp gradient in its western boundary which indicates a fault-line scarp. The opposite side adjoined with the fault-line scarp shows no correlation with the fault-line scarp in geometry indicating that the block might be horizontally slided from the north. A gravity high in contrast to the deepening in seafloor toward the northeastern central Ulleung Basin is probably responsible for the thin crust and shallow seated mantle. The gravity minima along the western and southern shelf edge are associated not only with the local basement morphology and thick sediment fill at the continental margin, but also possibly with the crustal edge effect known for passive continental margins. Series of NE-trending linear anomalies are possibly caused by a swarm of volcanic intrusions followed the initial opening of the Ulleung Basin. The linear high anomalies in the Ulleung Plateau are terminated by the straightly NNW-trending anomalies with a sharp gradient in its western boundary which indicates a fault-line scarp. The opposite side adjoined with the fault-line scarp shows no correlation with the fault-line scarp in geometry indicating that the block might be horizontally slided from the north. A gravity high in contrast to the deepening in seafloor toward the northeastern central Ulleung Basin is probably suggestive of a thin crust and shallow seated mantle.

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Quality Characteristics of Rough Rice during Low Temperature Drying (저온건조 중 벼의 품질 특성)

  • Kim, Hoon;Han, Jae-Woong
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.650-655
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    • 2009
  • This study was conducted to measure the quality characteristics of rough rice during low temperature drying by using an experimental dryer and heat pump with a capacity of 150kg at four temperature levels of 20, 30, 40, and $50^{\circ}C$. The quality and proper drying temperature of rough rice was investigated by measuring variations in moisture content, crack rates, germination rates and cooked rice. Temperatures over $40^{\circ}C$ is considered a high-temperature area, and below $40^{\circ}C$ is considered a low-temperature area. The drying rates were 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.3%/hr, and the crack ratios were 0, 1.6, 6.8, and 24.2% at the drying temperatures of 20, 30, 40, and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively, which showed that the higher the drying temperature was, the higher the drying rate and crack rate was. Therefore, 20 and $30^{\circ}C$ were found to be appropriate drying temperatures for avoiding crack formation, and $50^{\circ}C$ was inappropriate. At $40^{\circ}C$, the operation methods needed to be modified to limit cracking, such as increasing the tempering time. Also, as the drying temperature increased, the germination rate decreased. Germination rates at 20 and $30^{\circ}C$ were suitable for using the rough rice as a seed, and those at 40 and $50^{\circ}C$ were over 80%, which is the minimum allowable percentage. In the sensory evaluation of cooked rice, the quality of appearance, taste, and texture varied as a function of drying temperature. When considering these factors, the cooked rice that was dried at 20 and $30^{\circ}C$ was better than the cooked rice dried at high-temperature. Consequently, in view of drying temperature and rates, the best conditions for drying rough rice were below $30^{\circ}C$ and below 0.6%/hr.

Long-term Climate Change Research Facility for Trees: CO2-Enriched Open Top Chamber System (수목의 장기 기후변화 연구시설: CO2 폭로용 상부 개방형 온실)

  • Lee, Jae-Cheon;Kim, Du-Hyun;Kim, Gil-Nam;Kim, Pan-Gi;Han, Sim-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.19-27
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    • 2012
  • The open-top chamber (OTC) system is designed for long term studies on the climate change impact on the major tree species and their community in Korea. In Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI), the modified OTC system has been operating since September 2009. The OTC facility consists of six decagon chambers (10 meters in diameter by 7 meters high) with controlled gas concentration. In each chamber, a series of vertical vent pipes are installed to disperse carbon dioxide or normal air into the center of the chamber. The OTC is equipped with remote controlled computer system in order to maintain a stable and elevated concentration of carbon dioxide in the chamber throughout the experimental period. The experiment consisted of 4 treatments: two elevated $CO_2$ levels ($1.4{\times}$ and $1.8{\times}$ ambient $CO_2$) and two controls (inside and outdoors of the OTC). Average operational rate was the lowest (94.2%) in June 2010 but increased to 98% in July 2010 and was 100% during January to December 2011. In 2010~2011, $CO_2$ concentrations inside the OTCs reached the target programmed values, and have been maintained stable in 2011. In 2011, $CO_2$ concentrations of 106%, 100% and 94% of target values has been recorded in control OTC, $1.4{\times}$ $CO_2$-enriched OTC and $1.8{\times}$ $CO_2$-enriched OTC, respectively. With all OTC chambers, the difference between outside and inside temperatures was the highest ($1.2{\sim}2.0^{\circ}C$) at 10 am to 2 pm. Temperature difference between six OTC chambers was not detected. The relative humidity inside and outside the chambers was the same, with minor variations (0~1%). The system required the highest amount of $CO_2$ for operation in June, and consumed 11.33 and 17.04 ton in June 2010 and 2011, respectively.

Seasonal and Inter-annual Variability of Water Use Efficiency of an Abies holophylla Plantation in Korea National Arboretum (국립수목원의 전나무(Abies holophylla) 조림지의 물 이용 효율의 계절 및 경년 변동)

  • Thakuri, Bindu Malla;Kang, Minseok;Zhang, Yonghui;Chun, Junghwa;Kim, Joon
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.366-377
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    • 2016
  • Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important ecological indicator which may provide information on the process-structure relationships associated with energy-matter-information flows in ecosystem. The WUE at ecosystem-level can be defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET). In this study, KoFlux's long-term (2007-2015) eddy covariance measurements of $CO_2$ and water vapor fluxes were used to examine the WUE of needle fir plantation in Korea National Arboretum. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonality and inter-annual variability in WUE of this needle fir plantation so that the results may be assimilated into the development of a holistic ecological indicator for resilience assessment. Our results show that the WUE of needle fir plantation is characterized by a concave seasonal pattern with a minimum ($1.8-3.3g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in August and a maximum ($5.1-11.4g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in February. During the growing season (April to October), WUE was on average $3.5{\pm}0.3g\;C\;(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. During the dormant seasons (November to March), WUE showed more variations with a mean of $7.4{\pm}1.0g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. These values are in the upper ranges of WUE reported in the literature for coniferous forests in temperate zone. Although the growing season was defined as the period from April to October, the actual length of the growing season (GSL) varied each year and its variation explained 62% of the inter-annual variability of the growing season WUE. This is the first study to quantify long-term changes in ecosystem-level WUE in Korea and the results can be used to test models, remote-sensing algorithms and resilience of forest ecosystem.

The Estimation of Gross Primary Productivity over North Korea Using MODIS FPAR and WRF Meteorological Data (MODIS 광합성유효복사흡수율과 WRF 기상자료를 이용한 북한지역의 총일차생산성 추정)

  • Do, Na-Young;Kang, Sin-Kyu;Myeong, Soo-Jeong;Chun, Tae-Hun;Lee, Ji-Hye;Lee, Chong-Bum
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.215-226
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    • 2012
  • NASA MODIS GPP provides a useful tool to monitor global terrestrial vegetation productivity. Two major problems of NASA GPP in regional applications are coarse spatial resolution ($1.25^{\circ}{\times}1^{\circ}$) of DAO meteorological data and cloud contamination of MODIS FPAR product. In this study, we improved the NASA GPP by using enhanced input data of high spatial resolution (3 km${\times}$3 km) WRF meteorological data and cloud-corrected FPAR over the North Korea. The improved GPP was utilized to investigate characteristics of GPP interannual variation and spatial patterns from 2000 to 2008. The GPP varied from 645 to 863 $gC\;m^{-2}\;y^{-1}$ in 2000 and 2008, respectively. Mixed forest showed the highest GPP (1,076 $gC\;m^{-2}\;y^{-1}$). Compared to NASA GPP (790 $gC\;m^{-2}\;y^{-1}$);FPAR enhancement increased GPP (861) but utilization of WRF data decreased GPP (710). Enhancements of both FPAR and meteorological input resulted in GPP increase (809) and the improvement was the greatest for mixed forest regions (+10.2%). The improved GPP showed better spatial heterogeneity reflecting local topography due to high resolution WRF data. It is remarkable that the improved and NASA GPPs showed distinctly different interannual variations with each other. Our study indicates improvement of NASA GPP by enhancing input variables is necessary to monitor region-scale terrestrial vegetation productivity.

Selection of Herbicide Tolerant Variant Through Cell Culture (식물세포배양(植物細胞培養)에 의한 제초제저항성(除草劑抵抗性) 변종선발(變種選拔))

  • Kim, S.C.;Chung, G.S.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.90-97
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    • 1987
  • An attempt was done at the Yeongnam Crop Experiment Station in 1986-'87 to obtain herbicide tolerant variant through cell culture. Immatured rice grain was more rapidly and efficiently formed callus in dehulled rice culture method for both rice cultivar types, Tongil type (Indica/Japonica) and Japonica-type. However, Japonica-type cultivar was generally superior than Tongil-type Cultivar in callus formation. Expression rate of herbicide tolerant variant varied depending upon rice cultivar, plant species and herbicide properties. In case of Nagdongbyeo (Japonica) at the first subculture, 46.3% of total callus pieces appeared as herbicide tolerant variant in herbicide media of CGA142464 and followed by NC-311 (11.6%), Butachlor (7.5%), 2.4-D (2.1%), Quinclorac (0.89%), and Propanil (0.25%), in order. This degree of appearance of herbicide tolerant variants rapidly increased as passage of subculture was advanced. Herbicide tolerant callus hardly regenerated as normal plant even though large variations exhibited among culture media.

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