• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.45-60
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of knowledge and perception of environmental problems on pro-environmental behavior of youth. The data used for this study were collected using questionnaire. The sample for this study consisted of 654 junior and high school students living in Seoul and Gyeong-gi Province. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The following is a summary of the major findings. (1) The significant variables affecting pro-environmental behavior of youth were need of environmental education, source of environmental knowledge, level of perception on air pollution and scarcity of resources and energy, sex and total amount of allowance of students. These variables explained 20.5% of variance of pro-environmental behavior. (2) Environmental education related variables were the best predictor of pro-environmental behavior; knowledge of environmental problem variables had limited predictive power. (3) Recommendations for teaching-learning strategies have been suggested to enhance youth's pro-environmental behavior in school.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.161-178
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• 1991

This study was designed to investigate the effect of test anxiety, intelligence, and item arrangement order on test performance in Earth Science. The main purposes in this study were to investigate (1) (2) (3) (4) on test performance.: (1) the effect of test anxiety components on test performance in Earth Science. (2) the effect of item arrangement order on test performance in Earth Science. (3) the effect of test anxiety This study was designed to investigate the effect of test anxiety, intelligence, and item arrangement order on test performance in Earth Science. The main purposes in this study were to investigate (1) (2) (3) (4) on test performance.: (1) the effect of test anxiety components on test performance in Earth Science. (2) the effect of item arrangement order on test performance in Earth Science. (3) the effect of test anxiety components on test performance in Earth Science according to learner's intelligence levels. (4) test effect of item arrangement order on learner's intelligence. The hypothesis was that there is difference among test achievements scores according to (1) test anxiety-worry levels. (2) item arrangement orders. (3) item arrangement orders on test anxiety-worry levels. (4) test anxiety-worry levels on intelligence levels. (5) test anxiety-emotionality levels. (6) item arrangement orders on test anxiety-emotionality levels. (7) test anxiety-emotionality levels on intelligence levels. (8) item arrangement orders on intelligence levels. The test items selected for this study were derived from the text Science (part 1) first grade of high school. The subjects of this study were 164 of high school first grade boy students in Pusan. They were assigned to one of the three groups, according to test anxiety levels.: (1) upper 25% of total subjects designated to high group (2) middle 50% (3) low group, lower 25% of total subjects And according to LQ. (1) upper 25% of total subjects designated to high group. (2) middle 50%. (3) low group, lower 25% of total subjects Analysis of variance was used in this study for hypothesis examination. The dependent variable was the achievement scores of Earth Science test and independent variables were test anxiety(worry, emotionality) level, LQ. level, item arrangement orders. The principal findings of the present study are as follows: (1)Test achievement score trend decreases as the test anxiety (worry, emotionality) increases although the result is not statistically significant. (2)There is no significant difference among test achievement scores according to item arrangement orders. (3)The higher the LQ. is, the more effective test anxiety. And the LQ. has significant interaction effect with test anxiety. (4)There is significant interaction effect between the LQ. levels and itemqr arrangement orders.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-26
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• 2001

Many studies have reported that regular aquatic exercise can lead to improvement of health for patients suffering from arthritis. In spite of these benefits, the adherence rate has shown as few as 26% of patients with arthritis who had completed the aquatic exercise education program. Moreover, when patients with arthritis begin an aquatic exercise, 47% withdraw within the first 6 month. No study has been found that constructs model to explain aquatic exercise adherence of patients with arthritis. The purpose of this study were to identify the factors influencing exercise adherence and to construct and test a structural model to explain aquatic exercise adherence of patients with arthritis. Hypothesized model was constructed on the basis of Bandura's social cognitive theory and literature review. Exogenous latent variables included in this model are group cohesion and barrier, endogenous latent variables are self-efficacy, outcome expectancy and self-evaluation. Empirical data used was collected through individual interviews with the structural questionnaire on 249 patients with arthritis who had completed the 6-week aquatic exercise education program of Korean Rheumatology Health Professionals Academy. The interviews were performed from September 6, 1999 through October 8, 1999. A model tested by the covariance structural analysis with LISREL 8.12a program and by descriptive statistics and correlation with SAS 6.12 program. The results are summarized as follows: First, hypothesized model showed a good fit to the empirical data. In the modified model added one new path showed a much better fit. Second, group cohesion had a direct, indirect positive effects, self-efficacy and self evaluation had a direct positive effects on exercise adherence. Barrier had a direct, indirect negative effects on exercise adherence. Outcome expectancy had a direct negative effect, indirect positive effects through self-evaluation on exercise adherence, but total effects was not significant. Total effect size of the variables were group cohesion, self-efficacy, barrier and self evaluation in order. All variables accounted for 54% of the total variance of exercise adherence in the model. In conclusion, this model confirmed to be proper in explaining of aquatic exercise adherence. Group cohesion, self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, self-evaluation, barrier contributed to the aquatic exercise adherence of patients with arthritis. The results of this study suggested that improvement of group cohesion, self-efficacy and self-evaluation, motivation of outcome expectancy through self-evaluation, and reduction of the barrier should be included in the strategy of nursing intervention for the aquatic exercise adherence of patients with arthritis.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.271-277
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• 2015

PURPOSE. This study was to evaluate the marginal fit of two CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown systems compared to lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Shoulder and deep chamfer margin were formed on each acrylic resin tooth model of a maxillary first premolar. Two CAD-CAM systems (Prettau$^{(R)}$Zirconia and ZENOSTAR$^{(R)}$ZR translucent) and lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max$^{(R)}$press) crowns were made (n=16). Each crown was bonded to stone dies with resin cement (Rely X Unicem). Marginal gap and absolute marginal discrepancy of crowns were measured using a light microscope equipped with a digital camera (Leica DFC295) magnified by a factor of 100. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey's HSD test were conducted to analyze the significance of crown marginal fit regarding the finish line configuration and the fabrication system. RESULTS. The mean marginal gap of lithium disilicate glass ceramic crowns (IPS e.max$^{(R)}$press) was significantly lower than that of the CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown system (Prettau$^{(R)}$Zirconia) (P<.05). Both fabrication systems and finish line configurations significantly influenced the absolute marginal discrepancy (P<.05). CONCLUSION. The lithium disilicate glass ceramic crown (IPS e.max$^{(R)}$press) had significantly smaller marginal gap than the CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown system (Prettau$^{(R)}$Zirconia). In terms of absolute marginal discrepancy, the CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown system (ZENOSTAR$^{(R)}$ZR translucent) had under-extended margin, whereas the CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown system (Prettau$^{(R)}$Zirconia) and lithium disilicate glass ceramic crowns (IPS e.max$^{(R)}$press) had overextended margins.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.625-638
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among health promoting behaviors, Health Locus of Control(HLOC), and response patterns to HLOC in Korean elderly. The sample was composed of 162 healthy elderly ranging in age from sixties to eighties. The instruments for this study were modified Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (45 items, 4 scales), and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (18 items). For the in data analysis, SPSS PC$^{＋}$ program was uilized for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA and Stepwise multiple regression. The results of the study are as follows : 1. The total mean score for the HPLP was 2.411 (range 1-4), and the mean scores on the subscales were 3.324 for nutition, 2.709 for interpersonal support, 2.495 for exercise,2.225 for health responsibility, 2.205 for self actualization, 2.026 for stress management. 2. The mean scores for the HLOC in the elderly were HLOC-I : 23.531, HLOC-P : 21.914, HLOC-C : 18.667. 3. The response patterns of the HLOC identified eight types, pure internal, pure powerful others, pure chance, double external, believers in control, yea sayer, nay sayer and complex control. The “believers in control” was the largest group (22.8%), and “yea sayer” was the next largest group(17.9%). The “nay sayer”(5%) was the smallest group. 4. Demographic variables, such as education, economic status, religion and the perception of the health status showed strong connections to health promoting behaviors. 5. The HLOC-I and health promoting behavior were correlated positively(r＝.165, P＝.017), but the HLOC-P, the HLOC-C and the health promoting behavior were not correlated at the level of statistical significance. 6. There was not significant difference in health promoting behavior depending on the response patterns of the HLOC(F=1.171, P=.108). But, there were significant differences in two subscales of health promoting behavior exercise (F=3.279, P=.002), and stress management (F=3.165, P＝.003). 7. Education, the perception of the health and economic status explained 21.0% of the variance for health promoting behaviors. These results suggest that several demographic factors are important factors in predicting the level of health promoting behaviors in elderly. So to enhance the health promoting behavior, nurses should use the different nursing strategies depending on the demographic characters of the elderly.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.426-437
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• 2005

Statement of problem : Although zirconium oxide ceramics are more and more commonly used in restorative dentistry, for many clinical applications only limited data can be found in the literature. However it is quite clear that hydrofluoric acid etching is impossible with zirconia ceramics. Therefore, other bonding techniques are required in order to lute these materials adhesively. Purpose : The purpose or this study was to evaluate the effects of surface treatments on shear bond strengths between two resin cements and a zirconia ceramic. Materials and methods : Experimental industrially manufactured yttrium-oxide-partially-stabilized zirconia ceramic discs (Adens, Korea) were used for this study. The ceramic specimens divided into five experimental groups and a control group (as received). Five surface treatments were studied 1) sandblasting with 110$\mu$m $Al_2O_3$ at 3 bars pressure 13 seconds at a distance of 10 mm, 2) flame-treated with the Silano-Pen for 5 $s/cm^3$, 3) grinding with a diamond bur. 4) sandblasting + Silano-Pen treatment, 5) diamond bur preparation + Silano-Pen treatment. Acrylic plastic tube (5 mm in height and 3 mm in diameter) were filled with composite to fabricate composite cylinders The composite cylinders were bonded to the ceramic specimens with either Superbond C&B or Panavia F resin luting agents. All cemented specimens were tested under shear loading until fracture on universal testing machine at a crosshead speed 1mm/min; the maximum load at fracture was recorded. Sheat bond strength data were analyzed with oneway analysis of variance and Tukey HSD tests (P<.05). Treated ceramic surfaces and fracture surfaces after shear testing were examined morphologically using scanning electron microscope. Results: Ceramic surface treatment with Silano-Pen after sandblasting improved the bond strength of Superbond C&B resin cement. Supevbond C& B resin cement at Silano-Pen aiker sandblasting($27.4{\pm}3.8MPa$) showed statistically higher shear bond strength than the others. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, Superbond C& &B resin cement are suitable for cementation of zirconia ceramics and flame-treated with the Silano-Pen after sandblasting is required to enhance the bond strength.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.397-404
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of stocking density on eating and ruminating behavior of Hanwoo steers (Bos taurus coreanae) in the finishing period. A total of 30 finishing Hanwoo steers ($631.3{\pm}11.4$ kg, 25 months old) were allocated to one of four stocking density groups comprising 1, 2, 3, and 4 steers per 32 $m^2$ pen [G1 (32 $m^2$), G2 (16 $m^2$), G3 (10.7 $m^2$) and G4 (8 $m^2$), respectively] in triplicate. Eating, rumination behaviors, as well as dry matter intake of steers were measured, and the results were subjected to analysis of variance with stocking density as the main effect. The results of eating behaviors over 48 hours are summarized as follows: Total intake was significantly (p<0.01) higher in G1, G2, and G3 compared to G4. Eating time was not different among the treatments, whereas ruminating time increased in the order of G1 > G2 > G3 > G4 (p<0.01). However, resting time and chewing time (sum of eating and ruminating) were not significantly different among the treatments. Number of boluses and number of total chews were highest in G1 (p<0.01), whereas number of chews per bolus was highest in G3 (p<0.01). Ruminating time per bolus as well as number of boluses per minute was not significantly different among the treatments. Number of defecations was higher in G1 and G2 animals compared to G3 and G4 animals (p<0.01). However, stocking density had no effect on drinking or urination. In conclusion, increasing stocking density (i.e. G4) per pen decreased voluntary intake, ruminating time, and total chewing number in the finishing period of Hanwoo steers. However, care must be taken in discussing stocking density in the present study as the space allowance per animal was satisfactory to meet the current animal welfare regulation in Korea and in Europe, although the beef production system in Korea is more intensive than in Europe.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to focus on the number of brushing strokes among the performance factors and identify if the 10 times stroke of the rolling method is rational. Moreover, we evaluated the changes in oral health knowledge, perception, and behavior after our rolling method instruction. The 10-stroke method of toothbrushing has been regarded as an effective method of removal of dental plaque, although there is little evidence to support this claim. We allocated 40 healthy subjects to two intervention groups. During five visits, we measured a score for dental plaque removal and instructed the subjects on a toothbrushing technique with 5 or 10 strokes per section. At the initial and final visits, subjects completed a questionnaire on one designed specifically for this study about oral health knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the dental plaque removal score between the groups, and the changes in scores within each group over time. We also compared changes in mean scores in oral health knowledge, perceptions and behaviors before and after toothbrushing instruction. We found that the score for dental plaque removal increased with each additional toothbrushing instruction in both groups (p<0.001). However, we found no differences in the dental plaque removal scores between the 5-stroke and 10-stroke groups (p=0.399). The levels of oral health knowledge, perceptions and behaviors increased after the toothbrushing instructions in both groups. Our findings suggest that there is no advantage in emphasizing the 10-stroke method of toothbrushing in an oral health education program.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.21-28
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• 2016

Background: The toe-spread-out (TSO) exercise has been introduced as a strengthening exercise for the abductor hallucis muscle in subjects with hallux valgus. Visual biofeedback using ultrasound imaging during exercise, may increase the ability to selectively contract the abductor hallucis muscle, compared with exercise alone. Objects: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ultrasound imaging visual feedback during the TSO exercise with respect to its influence on the angle of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (1st MPJ) and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the abductor hallucis muscle in subjects with hallux valgus. Methods: Twenty-five healthy young subjects with a mean average age of 22.5 years, and a standard deviation of 2.3 years, were recruited for this study. Hallux valgus was defined as an angles greater than $15^{\circ}$ angle of 1st MPJ. Goniometric measurement was used to determine the angle of 1st MPJ. In addition, an ultrasound system was used to collect the CSA of the abductor hallucis muscle in each foot. The angle of the 1st MPJ and CSA of the abductor hallucis were measured in three positions; the resting position, during TSO exercise, and during TSO exercise in conjunction with real-time ultrasound imaging feedback. All data analyzed using a repeated analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction in order to compare the dependent variables in all three positions. Statistical level of significance was set up as p<.05. Results: The angle of the 1st MPJ was noted to be significantly reduced and the CSA of the abductor hallucis to be significantly greater during TSO exercise used in conjunction with ultrasound imaging visual feedback, compared to when the values were recorded during TSO exercise alone (p<.05). Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the application of ultrasound imaging visual feedback during TSO exercise is more effective in contracting selectively the abductor hallucis than the use of exercise alone.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.206-213
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• 2013

This study aims at finding which change there is of oral health promotion as investigating the oral health status in quality, diagnosing which effects knowledge and attitude of oral health has before and after the oral health education as developing and conducting the oral health education program for international marriage migrant women to form their oral health belief for improving oral health. This study consisted of each 51 of the experimental group and the controlled group at the multi-cultural family support center from $26^{th}$ of March, 2012 to $30^{th}$ of June, 2012 as the subjects, and pre-to-post investigated knowledge of oral and cognition. Also as it took follow-up examination of the clients who visited to the dentist with changing of their cognition, conducted matched-pair sample t-test and analysis of repeated measure variance. As the result, there were always the changes at the field of knowledge about oral, periodontal disease and toothbrush in awareness of oral health, and at the field of periodontal disease, dental caries, toothbrush, fluorine and bad breath in knowledge of oral health. The change of DMFT index, DT index has been reduced and FT index has been increased. As the result above, the oral health education program for international marriage migrant women has led to change awareness of oral health and knowledge, and the change of knowledge has influenced to a behavior, so there were the changes of periodontal status and DMFT index as well. This has been showing the importance of the program for oral health of international marriage migrant women. Moreover, while the oral health education program is developed in various aspects by offering the information for developing the oral health education program in future, it needs to run parallel prevention with treatment.