• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 1984

Effects of seed coating on establishment, early growth and herbage production were investigated in Pot, Soil box and Field experiments. Seed was coated with 60% Lime, 20% Phosphate and 20% Peatmoss(W/W), also finely sprayed 13% Arabic gum and 2% Methyl cellulose(W/V). Coating were generally 1:20, seed: coat(W/W). 1. In the general growth of the growing stages and different oversown species at 80 days, seed coated was promoted than none in early growth. (Table 2 and 3) 2. Stand counts at 60 days after oversown, seed coated was higher 15% than none, especially, there was advantage due to coating on the medium and large size seeds such as Orchardgrass, Perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, but did not assist establishment of the large (Tall fescue) and small (Ladino clover) size seed. 3. Variation of sward composition was not quite different between two treatments, but seed coated was slightly increased the Percentage of sown grasses with advance of cutting time. 4. Total dry metter yield per unit area with seed coated was higher 17% than none in establishment year. 5. Variations in the chemical composition of the herbage and soil were influenced by coating materials in the coating regime (Table 8). 6. From these facts, seed coated also appeared that adequate seedling stands, early growth and herbage production could be obtained with higher than conventional overseeding method under a poor conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.667-675
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• 2018

Increasing emissions regulations and demand of high-efficiency cars that travels a lot of distance with less fuel, there is growing interest in Energy Consumption Efficiency. Korean energy consumption efficiency compute combined Fuel Economy by driven city & highway driving mode and present final Energy Consumption Efficiency as using 5-cycle correction formula. Energy consumption efficiency is computed Carbon-balance-method, when used burning fuel play a key role in vehicle performance & Energy Consumption Efficiency. In Korea, vehicle fuel is circulate by Petroleum and Petroleum Alternative Business Act, there is property difference in quality standard because petroleum sector's refine method or type of crude oil. It does not appear a big difference according to fuel, because it sets steady quality standard, it may affect the performance of automobile. Thus, in research We purchase a few diesel fuel which circulated in the market in summer season though directly-managed-gas station by petroleum sector, resolve property each of fuel, we compute Fuel Economy each of them. We analyze into change depend on applying for property as nowadays utilizing Energy Consumption Efficiency calculating formula of gasoline and diesel fuel. As result, Density each of sample fuel has a maximum difference roughly 0.9%, net heat value each of sample fuel has difference 1.6%, result of current Energy Consumption Efficiency each of sample fuel has a difference roughly 1% at city drive mode, 1.4% at highway drive mode. Result of use gasoline calculator formula shows less 6% result than nowadays utilizing Energy Consumption Efficiency calculating formula, each of sample's Energy Consumption Efficiency shows maximum roughly 1.4% result in city & highway drive mode.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.179-183
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• 1980

The efficiency of energy transfer by a population of the farmed pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas was studied during culture period of 10 months July 1979-April 1980, in Geoje-Hansan Bay near Chungmu City. Energy use by the farmed oyster population was calculated from estimates of half-a-month unit age specific natural mortality rate and data on growth, gonad output, shell organic matter production and respiration. Total mortality during the culture period was estimated approximate $36\%$ from data on survivor individual number per cluster. Growth may be dual consisted of a curved line during the first half culture period (July-November) and a linear line in the later half period (December-April). The first half growth was approximated by the von Bertalanffy growth model; shell height, $SH=6.33\;(1-e^{0.2421(t+0.54)})$, where t is age in half-a-month unit. In the later half growth period shell height was related to t by SH=4.44+0.14t. Dry meat weight (DW) was related to shell height by log $DW=-2.2907+2.589{\cdot}log\;SH,\;(2, and/or log $DW=-5.8153+7.208{\cdot}log\;SH,\;(5. Size specific gonad output (G) as calculated by condition index of before and after the spawning season, was related to shell height by $G=0.0145+(3.95\times10^{-3}{\times}SH^{2.9861})$. Shell organic matter production (SO) was related to shell height by log $SO=-3.1884+2.527{\cdot}1og\;SH$. Size and temperature specific respiration rate (R) as determined in biotron system with controlled temperature, was related to dry meat weight and temperature (T) by log $R=(0.386T-0.5381)+(0.6409-0.0083T){\cdot}log\;DW$. The energy used in metabolism was calculated from size, temperature specific respiration and data on body composition. The calorie contents of oyster meat were estimated by bomb calorimetry based on nitrogen correction. The assimilation efficiency of the oyster estimated directly by a insoluble crude silicate method gave $55.5\%$. From the information presently available by other workers, the assimilation efficiency ranges between $40\%\;and\;70\%$. Twenty seven point four percent of the filtered food material expressed by energy value for oyster population was estimated to have been rejected as pseudofaeces : $17.2\%$ was passed as faeces; $35.04\%$ was respired and lost as heat; $0.38\%$ was bounded up in shell organics; $2.74\%$ was released as gonad output, $2.06\%$ was fell as meat reducing by mortality. The remaining $15.28\%$ was used as meat production. The net efficiency of energy transfer from assimilation to meat production (yield/assimilation) of a farm population of the oyster was estimated to be $28\%$ during culture period July 1979-April 1980. The gross efficiency of energy transfer from ingestion to meat production (yield/food filtered) is probably between $11\%\;and\;20\%$.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.108-118
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop a relationship of measuring method for the social security network and verify its validity and reliability and apply it to investigate the due to security life satisfaction. This study is based by setting general residents of Seoul in 2013 and using the stratified cluster random sampling method to analyze a total amount of 203 examples. The measuring methods for the social security network was developed through document research, conceptual definition and drafting the survey, experts' conference, preliminary inspection and original examination, verification of the validity and reliability of the survey. An experts' conference took pace to verify the validity of the survey, and 6 factors were extracted through exploratory factor analysis crime prevention design, street CCTV facilities, volunteer neighborhood patrol, local government security education, police public peace service, private security service. The conclusion are the following. Collected data was analyzed based on the aim of this study using SPSSWIN 18.0, and practice frequency analysis, F test, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis. First, the validity of the social security network measurement is very high. Thus, the factors constituting the social security network were found to be crime prevention design, street CCTV facilities, volunteer neighborhood patrol, local government security education, police public peace services, and private security services, and the crime prevention design factor was found to be most explanatory. Second, the reliability of the social security network measurement is very high. Thus, the correlation between the questions and the sector, the questions and the social security net was very high, and the internal consistency showed a Cronbach's${\alpha}$ value of over 0.865. Third, the establishment of a social security network had the biggest effect on people in their forties. Thus, when the crime prevention design, street CCTV facilities, local government security education, police public peace services are systematically established, the social anxiety of citizens was reduced.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 1978

Rainbow trout were reared in a stainless steel aquarium from Nov. 11, 1977 to June 12, 1978, and the following results were obtained : 1. The volume of water was about $400\iota$ in a aquarium measuring $1m\;(Length)\times1m\;(Width)\times67cm(Height)$ and water depth 40 cm. Water was supplied for about 16 hours daily at a rate $3\iota/min$ and was drained through the conical settling part in the middle of the aquarium bottom. Filter tank was about $23cm(W)\times23cm(L)\times40cm(D)$ and contained pebbles 30 cm in depth. Water recirculation rate was at)out $1,030\iota/hr$, or 2.6 turn-over per hour. 2. During the first period (77 days), the trout grew from 88.3g to 229g in average, the total weight attaining 30.7kg. The food coefficient was 1.249, average daily increment 243.3g, average daily growth rate 1.245%, and the mortality was 2 smallest fish weighing 53 g, owing to unknown reason. During the second period (135 days), the trout grew from 239g to 555g in average, the total weight attaining 57.2 kg. The food coefficient was 1.447, average daily increment 279.8g, average daily growth rate $0.65\%$ and the mortality was 31 fish weighing 11,255 g, owing partly to miss-handling and partly to disease. 3. The feed consisting of fully domestic materials was prepared in this laboratory, and the feed conversion was not inferior to high protein commercial feed available in foreign countries. 4. The result of whole period for 212 days was 56.5 kg in gross increment, and based on this result, when $1\iota/min$ full day inflowing water available, the net production will become 28.25 kg. So, if a 5000kg production is planned, $180\iota/min$ or about $10.8m^3/hr$ be reauired, and the production in value frill become 15million won at local price at the expense of about 5.3 million won. From the result of this experiment, rainbow trout is feasible for commercial production in Korea with relatively small amount of well water and simplified water recirculation system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.39-54
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• 1979

Such stream characteristics as the numbers, lengths, orders of stream channels, and drainage density are the essential elements for the analysis of drainages in planning of watershed management in a drainage basin. The drainage net is the pattern of tributaries and master streams in a drainage basin as declineated on a planimetric map. Stream order is a measure of the position of a stream in the hierarchy of tributaries. Density of the drainage is given by the quotient of the cumulative length of stream and the total drainage area. Drainage density then is simply a length per unit of area. In this study, the Anyang-cheon upper-watershed is selected for the survey and analysis of the stream system and drainage density in view point of the useful collection of data for effective watershed management planning. The Anyang-cheon upper-watershed is consisted of about 12,600 hectars of drainage area including the 13 Sub-stream. Total length of the Stream (as described in the Stream Law) in the survey area is measured as much as 71.2km, and that of the Small-stream as descrived in the Saemaul Stream Survey Book (1972) is calculated as 43,010 meters. Besides of this lengths, measured about 43,410 meters of the Small-stream and about 71,900 meters of the Torrential valley through this study. The range of the drainage density among the 13 Sub-streams having sub-watershed is analysed as from 14.79 to 24.10, and average value of drainage density in the entire watershed is calculated as 18.21 in case of including the length of the Torrential valley and 12.50 in case of excluding the same. It is required that the standard classification system in classifing for the characteristics of identification among the Stream, Sub-stream, Small-stream, Torrent, and Torrential valley must be satisfied through joint study of the authorities concerned.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.18 no.3 s.93
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• pp.331-338
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• 2006

This paper presents the experimental results on volumetric changes in ordinary portland cement concrete made with various water-to-cement ratios(W/C's) ranging from 0.32 to 0.50 and cured in low different conditions. Curing regimes employed in this work were designed to exhibit autogenous and drying shrinkage as well as swelling of concrete. The concrete avoided any moist evaporation(Regime f showed only autogenous shrinkage and the lower the W/C, the feater the autogenous shrinkage. The concrete exposed to air drying conditions at $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $60{\pm}3%$ RH after 6-day water curing at $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$(Regime II) swelled and then started to shrink. The maximum swelling value of concrete developed in water curing was between 15 and $40{\pm}10^{-6}$, and the greatest total shrinkage(autogenous+drying shrinkage) was obtained for the mixture made with W/C of 0.32. The concrete let to air drying conditions(Regime III) showed greater total shrinkage compared to the concrete cured in Regime II. The concrete exposed to air drying condition after 6-day sealed curing(Regime IV) exhibited slightly smaller total shrinkage than that of the concrete cured in Regime III. Net drying shrinkage that can be derived from the results of Regime I, III, and IV increased as the W/C increased despite of similar total shrinkage. This result indicated that drying shrinkage governs total shrinkage of high-W/C concretes. In other words, a portion of autogenous shrinkage in total shrinkage increased in low-W/C concretes. Therefore, it should be controlled in terms of cracking potential. Finally, total shrinkage of high-strength and high-performance concrete made with low W/C can be effectively reduced by appropriate early moisture curing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.247-252
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of Annual Chestnut production in South Korea. In this study, technical efficiency is the maximum possible production for which a certain amount of costs is inputted. For analysis on the technical efficiency we used output-oriented BCC Model, and then we analyzed correlation among input costs, production, gross income, net income, and market price per unit in order to determine the cause of variation in the technical efficiency. As study materials, we used statistics for the forestry production costs for 7 years from 2008 to 2014. The study results showed that the maximum possible production and actual production in 2008, 2009, and 2010 were 1,568 kg, 1,745 kg, and 1,534 kg by hectares in the order which were the same values. Consequently, the technical efficiency of those was all evaluated as 1.00. On the other hand, actual production from 2011 to 2014 was 1,270 kg 1,047 kg, 1,258 kg, and 1,488 kg by hectares in the order and the maximum possible production was 1,524 kg, 1,467 kg, 1,635 kg, and 1,637 kg by hectares in the analysis. From those values, the technical efficiency was evaluated in the following order:0.83, 0.71, 0.75, 0.91. The lowest value of the technical efficiency was 0.71 in 2012, and the values of this increased gradually since 2013. It is indicated that the cause of variation in the technical efficiency was related to the relationship between production and market price, and there was a negative correlation with r = -0.821 (p<0.05). The level of maximum available production per unit area was between 1,488kg in lower limit and 1,745 kg in upper limit, and the average was turned out as 1,548 kg.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.61-68
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• 2011

To assess the total cost with all stages of facilities, the feasibility of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis was examined in this study to estimate the livestock manure treatment system and optimal decision making process. For the economic evaluation, the plant/equipment investment and annual operation cost of four Public Livestock Recycling Facilities, whose treatment capacity is 100 ton piggery manure per day, was compared. The initial cost was in the range of 2,699 million won to 3,202 million won, where T and E methods were highest and lowest, respectively. The annual operation cost was in the level of 378 million to 498 million won, which decreased in the following order : T method > J method > E method > B method. For the LCC analysis, 4.7% of interest rate, 3.13% of inflation rate, and 1.52% of net discount rate was considered by the data received from Bank of Korea and Statics Korea in the period of 2000 to 2009. Also, for the calculation of present value factor, the durable years of civil engineering & construction, machinery and electric instrument was 30 years, 10 years and 15 years, respectively. Based on these consideration, operation cost was in the range of 17,570 won/ton to 20,661 won/ton, and E method (17,570 won/ton) was economical and B method (20,661 won/ton) was non-economical. Though initial cost of T method was higher than that of B method, LCC analysis of T method was lower than that of T method due to the lower operation cost. Therefore, LCC analysis, which considers both initial cost and operation cost, is more reasonable evaluation method than either initial cost or annual operation cost. For the change of LCC analysis according to the uncertainty, the sensitivity analysis was carried out using fluctuation magnitude of discount rate in the period of 2000 to 2009. As a result, LCC analysis evaluated by discount rate was stable for the uncertain factors since the cost leadership did not change even though the sensitivity analysis varied. In summary, the economic evaluation using LCC analysis could be an efficient reference to choose the suitable livestock manure treatment plants. Furthermore, standardization of statement calculation for the actual cost analysis should be conducted and more detailed study is necessary to validate this summary. Therefore, the application of comprehensive technology evaluation, which considers LCC analysis, should contribute in obtaining objectivity and enhancing reliability for the 'Evaluation of Livestock Manure Treatment System and its Technology'.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.327-336
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• 1995

This study was carried out to develop the animal protein(feed for fry) that was isolated, purified and lyophilized the rumen ciliates from the healthy rumen contents which have $10^5-10^6/g$ ciliates and were discarded in abattoirs. The rumen ciliates are non-pathogenic, anaerobic and the weight of this protozoa is 2% of rumen content. The rumen protozoan and bacterial proteins both have a biological value for rats of 80-81, which is higher than the 72 of brewer's yeasts. Furthermore, the true digestibility and net protein utility of the protozoan protein are 91 and 73, much higher than those of bacterial(74 and 60) or yeast(84 and 60) proteins. The amino acids of rumen protozoa is nutritionally superior than the others. The size of rumen ciliates is $30-200{\times}20-110{\mu}m$ and so we had isolated and purified the rumen ciliates from the rumen contents by the physical methods. The purified rumen protozoa was lyophilized with freezing dryer. The results of this experiment were as follows : 1. Population dynamics of protozoan ciliates in slaughtered rumens; % of samples which small ciliates were predominated was 82.5%(52/63) and that of large ciliates was 17.5%(11/63). 1) predominant species of small ciliates were Entodinium ovinum and E nanellum. 2) predominant species of large ciliates were Epidinium ecaudatum and Diploplastron affine. 2. The lyophilized rumen ciliates which were isolated and purified from 1 kg of rumen content at the pH 6.2-6.8 was about 7.0 gram. 3. The nutrient analysis of lyophilized rqmen ciliates(LRC) was as follows: 1) Proximate analysis of the LRC and the composition of fry feed; moisture 8.05%(below 10.0), protein 35.37%(45), fat 5.39%(4.5), fiber 1.23%(below 2.5), ash 2.25%(below 15.0), Ca 0.26%(below 2.0), P 0.14%(below 1.1), energy 4,608.11(fish meal 5000 cal/g) 2) Amino acids (% in crude protein) of the LRC and the rotifer(Brachionus plicatilis); Arg 5.19%(4.50), His 2.50%(1.55), Ile 5.29%(3.45), Leu 8.11%(5.85), Lys 10.34%(6.15), Met 2.25% (0.85), Phe 5.66%(3.80), Thr 5.14% (3.45), Val 4.18%(3.90), Ala 4.13%(3.35), Asp 13.26%(8.25), Glu 16.62%(9.20), Gly 4.23%(3.10), Pro 3.25%(5.05), Ser 4.85%(3.85), Tyr 5.04%(3.05) 3) Fatty acids(% in fat) of the LRC and the rotifer(biological feed ; Brachionus plicatilis); myristic acid(C14:0) 3.27%(0.3), myristoleic acid(C14:1) 0.83%(-), palmitic acid(C16:0) 39.11% (23.5), palmitoleic acid(C16:1) 2.81%(2.0), stearic acid(C18:0) 9.36%(5.6), oleic acid(C18:1) 25.54%(3.5), linoleic acid(C18:2) 15.05%(32.9), linolenic acid(C18:3) 1.74%(9.8). Judging from the above investigated results, the analytical data of proximate analysis, amino acids, fatty acids of the purified and lyophilized rumen protozoa are reasonable for the feed of freshwater fishes(fry and fingerling). But it was disappointed of our expectation that the crude protein of lyophilized rumen ciliates contains low percentage, it was thought that because of the small ciliates(starch digester) in beef cattle rumens which were administered the concentrated feed, is much difficult to isolate and purify than the large ciliates(fiber digester).