• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 2015

This research is aimed the furthest development of the conception of Human capital formation. The study made on the base of methods of scientific classification and systematization; dialectical method and the method of scientific abstraction, systematic and comparative analysis; expert assessment and ratings. Formation of the competitive human capital is one of the most important goals of modern development of Kazakhstan in condition of the innovative economy construction. In this context the necessity of formation and development of the effective human capital considerably increases. Realization of this requires definition of a technique of measurement of its cost as well. The authors attempt to calculate the value of human capital for Kazakhstan during independency time. In order to determine the methods of its quantitative and qualitative assessment different methodological ways for human capital research are studied. On the basis of the study, it was revealed that formation of the competitive human capital can't be considered in a separation from development and modernization of system of quality education, improvement of the employment sphere, worthy payment for work.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.16
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• pp.105-130
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• 2003

Religious Though includes desirable attitudes towards existence of human beings and the value of life. These can be considered as the viewpoint of human being in religions. Also, the recognition frame of human being should be focused on the desirable human formation. That is, human being should not be viewed by already established frames, but human beings should be regarded as the ones that by themselves can build their true figures through developing human nature with the self-awareness of existence and the effort for establishing an ideal character. Without the correct concept of a 'human model', it is impossible to shed light on what the process of the human formation is and how the human formation willbe established. A 'human model', that is the goal of such a formation, might show different aspects if considering the historical situations including the circumstance of individuals and society. However, no matter how different 'human model', which are dependent upon phenomenal problems, are considered, it might most likely fails to grasp a fundamental issue without a 'human model' based on the essential problem of human being. In this regards, it can be considered that a 'Perfect person' with including both fundamental ways and relations of existence is the one enabling to establish a true 'human model' and, I try to show its striking example, 'Injon' that is an ideal 'human model' of Daesoon Thought. Therefore, this paper will show the interpretation and understanding of human beings in Daesoon Thought, and examine what their meanings are.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 1997

The rate constants and activation energies for formation of two chemical markers, M-1 and M-2 at sterilization temperatures were determined in a meatball system. Destruction rates for bacterial spores were also determined. The rate constants for M-1 and M-2 formation at $121^{\circ}C$ were 0.03 and 0.28 Abs/min, respectively. The activation energies for M-1 and M-2 were 27.9 and 24.6 Cal/mol. M-2 was formed faster than M-1 and reached a maximum and decreased. M-1 formation continued up to 30 min at $121^{\circ}C$ and 10 min at $131^{\circ}C$, which makes M-1 a more useful chemical marker for high $F_0$ values. The D-values for spores (B. stearothermophilus ATCC 12980) at 111, 114.4, 117.7 and $121^{\circ}C$ were 7.5, 4.5, 1.9 and 0.58 respectively. At temperatures between 111 and $121^{\circ}C$, there was a liner correlation between destruction of the spores and the M-1 formation. It was difficult to get accurate D-value at $126^{\circ}C\;and\;131^{\circ}C$, because almost all spores were dead before temperature at the center of the meatball reached $126^{\circ}C$. These data suggest that the chemical marker should be used to evaluate overprocessing as well as microbial lethality in aseptic processing.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.205-209
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• 1995

Edible hardened soybean oil is processed by hydrogenation of refined soybean oil in order to upgrade the heat and oxidation stability and to improve flavor and physical nature. This study aims to investigate the influences of various reaction conditions on iodine value, fatty acid composition and trans isomer formation in hydrogenating soybean oil. In case that hardening temperature is $180^{\circ}C$, trans acid formation increased by 6.2 times more under $3.0{\;}kg/cm^{2}H_{2}$ than under $0.5{\;}kg/cm^{2}H_{2}$, while linolenic acid decreased in contents. In case of $200^{\circ}C$ of hardening temperature trans acid formation showed 4.6% higher under $0.5{\;}kg/cm^{2}H_{2}$ than under $3.0{\;}kg/cm^{2}H_{2}$ while contents of linolenic and linoleic acids showed 0.51% and 2.5% lower respectively. It is concluded that $200^{\circ}C$ of hardening temperature under 0.5 and $3.0{\;}kg/cm^{2}H_{2}$ is better condition because trans isomers are little produced, and iodine value and linolenic acid content decreased in hardening soybean oil.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.138-143
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• 2007

This study goes in for the observation of the characteristics of nitrogen removal from swine wastewater by struvite crystallization. In addition, the struvite formation potential in supernatants after struvite crystallization was investigated. In the study for nitrogen removal by struvite crystallization, the effects of pH and molar ratio of magnesium (Mg) injected using bittern as Mg source were investigated. Also, the potential of struvite formation in the supernatant with amount of Mg added was carefully observed. As the results, the optimum pH in the removal of nitrogen was 8.8 and sludge volume was increased as pH was raised from 7 to 12 under the condition that the molar ratio of $Mg^{2+}$ to ${NH_4}^+$-N to ${PO_4}^{3-}$-P was 1:1:1. An optimum removal efficiency of ammonia-N was observed at 1 molar ratio of Mg to ${NH_4}^+$-N, showing no further increase at over 1 molar ratio and dramatical deterioration at under 1 molar ratio. However, the sludge volume was increased by increasing the molar ratio of Mg. In the experiments for the potential of struvite formation in the supernatants, initial -log([$Mg^{2+}$][${NH_4}^+$][${PO_4}^{3-}$]) value was much lower than $pK_{sp}$ and gradually reached $pK_{sp}$ at 2 days, as the molar ratio of Mg increased over 1.2. At 31 days, -log([$Mg^{2+}$][${NH_4}^+$][${PO_4}^{3-}$]) value was returned to the initial value. In addition, the supernatants had a potential precipitation of hydroxylapatite due to calcium contained in bittern, $K_2Mg(SO_4)_3$ and $K_3Na(SO_4)_2$ resulting from the decrease of sodium and potassium in supernatants formed after struvite crystallization as times go by. Based on the results, it appears that some retention time and proper dosage of Mg may be needed for the prevention of scale in pipe line.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-89
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• 2002

The effect of addition of inorganic salts in polyethersulfone (PES) polymer solution on the membrane formation and ultrafiltartion performance was studied through the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of casting solution. To control the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of casting solution, various inorganic salts $[CaC1_2, LiCl, LiClO_4, ZnC1_2 $and Mg(ClO_4)_2]$ were added in the PES/NMP solution. Variation of membrane morphology and performance of the resulting membranes with change of the salt type and content added in tasting solution were discussed using viscosity, coagulation value, light transmittance measurement, overall membrane porosity, ultrafiltration experiment and cross-sectional SEM image. For all kind of inorganic salts, according as increase of the salt content in casting solution, viscosity is increased, coagulation value becomes lower, top layer thickness below the skin surface is increased, bovine serum albumin(BSA) rejection decreased and pure water flux is increased except $CaC1_2$ and LiCl. In case of $CaC1_2$ and LiCl, it is found that when the salt content is increased, the formation of macrovoids is suppressed and the precipitation rate becomes slow while instantaneous demixing of precipitation type is maintained. However, in case of $LiClO_4$ and $Mg(ClO_4)_2,$ it is found that precipitation rate becomes faster.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.460-465
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• 2016

The market for potato chips has expanded due to increased consumption of seasoned potato chips. However, the deep-frying process facilitates development of a browning color and formation of acrylamide. The objective of this work was to minimize browning color and acrylamide formation by fermentation prior to deep-frying. Potato slices were fermented by using three Bacillus strains, B. licheniformis (BL), B. methylotrophicus (BM), and B. subtilis, for 6 h at $30^{\circ}C$. In all fermentation groups, contents of total sugars in potato slices decreased. The color of fermented potato chips improved compared to the control. BM potato chips showed the best color values (76.33 in L value, 5.67 in a value, and 34.79 in b value). All fermentation processes reduced levels of acrylamide in deep-fried potato chips. Fermentation of potato slices for 2 h by BL reduced up to 96.1% acrylamide content. It was concluded that the fermentation process can positively affect color development and acrylamide formation.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.86-89
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• 2018

To develop Grifola frondosa as a new commercial product, we investigated the optimal primordium formation method for bottle cultivation. Primordium formation was initiated on the sixth day in all treatments, but in the T7 treatment, which consisted of removing old spawn and turning the bottle upside-down, was initiated on the ninth day. The ratio of primordium formation was at its highest value, 98.9%, in T3 and T7. Among the treatments, T7 produced the highest quality fruiting bodies and a mushroom yield of 112.8 g in each 850 mL bottle, but its crop cycle time was somewhat longer than those of the other treatments. These results indicate that appropriate methods for primordium formation in bottle culture could enhance mushroom quality and productivity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.192-196
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• 2011

Microbial induction of rusty-root was proved in this study. The enzymes hydrolyzing plant structural materials, including pectinase, pectolyase, ligninase, and cellulase, caused the rusty-root in ginseng. Pectinase and pectolyase produced the highest rusty-color formation. Ferrous ion ($Fe^{+++}$) caused the synergistic effect on rusty-root formation in ginseng when it was used with pectinase. The effect of ferric ion ($Fe^{++}$) on rusty-root formation was slow, compared with $Fe^{+++}$, probably due to gradual oxidation to $Fe^{+++}$. Other metal ions including the ferric ion ($Fe^{++}$) did not affect rusty-root formation. The endophytic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Lysobacter gummosus, Pseudomonas veronii, Pseudomonas marginalis, Rhodococcus erythropolis, and Rhodococcus globerulus, and the rotten-root forming phytophathogenic fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans, caused rusty-root. The polyphenol formation (rusty color) was not significantly different between microorganisms. The rotten-root-forming C. destructans produced large quantities of external cellulase activity (${\approx}2.3$ U[${\mu}m$/min/mg protein]), which indicated the pathogenecity of the fungus, whereas the bacteria produced 0.1-0.7 U. The fungal external pectinase activities (0.05 U) and rusty-root formation activity were similar to those of the bacteria. In this report, we proved that microbial hydrolyzing enzymes caused rusty-root (Hue value $15^{\circ}$) of ginseng, and ferrous ion worsened the symptom.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.19-26
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• 2014

In-situ $CaCO_3$ formation on recycled wood pulp was studied to improve optical property and filler attachment to the fiber furnish in papermaking. We tried to attach calcium oxide (CaO) to the recycled fibers, old newspaper (ONP) in this case, by using selected polymers before in-situ $CaCO_3$ formation reaction on fibers, and then, $CO_2$ was injected to the furnish until all the CaO on fiber surfaces was consumed. It was found that the attachment of newly formed $CaCO_3$ to recycled fibers became stronger by attaching CaO to the fibers before in-situ $CaCO_3$ formation reaction. It was expected that the polymers used for the attachment of calcium source to the fiber furnishes helped to keep the newly formed $CaCO_3$ strongly attached to the fiber surface as well as to retain the impurities associated with calcium source and recycled fibers, if any. In-situ $CaCO_3$ formation gave higher brightness and much less ERIC value in ONP sheet than the case when the equivalent amount of GCC was added to the furnish.