• KIEAE Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2005

The primary concerns of recreation plan are to provide visitors with quality of recreational experience and to protect of recreation resources. The quality of recreational experience is often defined in terms of social carrying capacity. The carrying capacity is revealed as perceived crowding. In this respects, measuring perceived crowding is useful tool of social carrying capacity determination. This study is to test the structural equation model that includes variables affecting perceived crowding. Through an on-site questionnaire survey, 467 visitors on Naejangsan national park were collected. The results of the study are follows. The encounter level on facility area is higher evaluated as crowding factor than other area in the park. It can be concluded that visitor perceived crowding when facility area situates high density use level rather than other areas expose high density use level. In the path analysis, the input variables(attitude, experience, encounter level) on the structural equation model affect significantly on perceived crowding. Especially, the attitude on the park management polocy is the most affecting factor on perceived crowding.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.79-97
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to analyze a causal model determining social carrying capacity(SCC) in natural parks, to answer the research question: What is the mechanism for determining SCC in natural parks (NP)\ulcorner After reviewing the literature on SCC and recreation activities in Korean natural parks, we constructed a conceptual framework and formulated the hypothesis of this research. We obtained data through a questionnaire which surveyed 487 visitors at 6 of the 73 NP in Korea during 2001, based on a stratified sampling method. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistical methods, the mean difference test, Pearson's correlation analysis, and path analysis method. We found that 1) The direct effect of resources, activity space(AS), visitor's expectation(VE), encounter, crowding, damage of resources(DR), maintenance condition of resources and facility(MCRF) to SCC are 3.45, 3.62, 2.75, 2.72, 1.32, and 4.77 times more important than that of crowding, respectively, while the indirect effect of resources, AS, VE, encounter, and DR to SCC is 13.03, 11.19, 3.34, 1.3, 2.05, 1.10, 0.05 and 2.30 times more important then that of crowding, respectively, 2) Causal effects of resources, facility, AS, VE, number of visitors(NV), encounter, crowding, VM, DR, and MCRF to SCC turned out to have 0.3523, 0.3321, 0.1751, 0.1465, 0.0307, 0.0762, 0.0604, -0.0510, -0.1177 and 0.2165, respectively, and 3) The causal effect of activity base(AB) and activity atmosphere(AA) to SCC turned out to have 2.57 and 1.1 times higher than that of MCRF, respectively. The research results suggest that 1) this conceptual framework is highly useful for the development of substantive theory and methodology; 2) management issues of AA and MCRF turned out to have 0.81 times in SCC that of AB, i.e, SCC can be significantly improved from control of AA and MCRF; and 3) supply of excellent resources and convenient facilities is needed to increase social carrying capacity. It is recommended that more empirical studies be performed in the future according to the season, visitor characteristics, and AS by NP.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.38-46
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• 2003

Perceived crowding is known as a necessary method to evaluate social carrying capacity in recreational settings. But according to the results of previous research, perceived crowding, use density, and satisfaction have shown weak and indirect correlations. The theory of visitors’ adjustment is one of several possible explanations for this poor relation. But the validity of the visitors’ adjustment theory has not been not inspected clearly. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to understand visitors’ adjustment theory and to examine visitors’ adjustment to the overuse of recreational settings. Study hypotheses were formulated through literature review and related to visitors’ adjustment in recreation density. Pour hypotheses were established and inspected with the case study, i.e., Rationalization : Visitors’ satisfaction isn't related to use density in recreation setting, 2) Product-shift : Preference norm is related to current use density, 3) Self-selection : Visitors’ satisfaction for the use level is generally high, and 4) Displacement : Norm interference is related to willingness to revisit. The case study was conducted during May and June,2001. According to the results of this survey, visitors adjust to overuse of recreation setting through rationalization and product shift (hypotheses l/2 acceptance). Current use density isn't related to visitors’ satisfaction and willingness to revisit (see table 3). And visitors’ preference norm is modified by situation (see table 4). Visitors’ satisfaction and willingness to revisit don't show a high correlation but moderately high (see table 5, hypothesis 3 acceptance). Differences between visitors’ preference norm and current use density is norm interference. Norm interference isn't related to willingness to revisit (see table 7). Therefore, the norm interference concept is not a useful method to explain visitors’ adjustment to the degree of overuse in a recreational setting (hypothesis 4 rejection). As for future directions, the following are proposed: 1) correctly understanding and reestablishing the visitor norm and norm interference concept, 2) introducing a composite research method to monitor visitors’ behavior and survey visitors’ attitudes and coping responses. These efforts would be helpful in the Planning and management of recreational settings to improve the quality of visitors’ experiences.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.4
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• pp.508-516
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• 2010

Hallasan National Park is facing dramatic increase of visitors since no entrance fee charge effected in January of 2007 and it has created a concern about appropriate use levels. The overall objective of this study is development of the carrying capacity indicators management program using indicator and standard based on visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) model. The result of delphi survey identified eight potential indicators of resource and experiential conditions, including quality of valley water, visitor counts, trail impacts, crowding etc. Also, Data were also gathered to help provide an empirical foundation for setting standards for these indicator variables. The carrying capacity indicators management program based on VERP model estimates sustainability of national park and analyze scientifically change about resources and visitor's behavior. Also, it systematically manage and use united data, it supports operation accomplishment respected rational decision.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.96-106
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper was to identify the effects of elimination of entrance fee (EEF) affecting visitor's satisfaction (VS) and management sectors such as natural resources (NRs), park facilities, transportation, visitor service, visitor atmosphere (VA) in national parks (NPs). This research had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed 336 visitors at Gayasan NP in 2006. The data were analyzed the data using descriptive statistical methods, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression method. It was found that 1) About EEF, 72.6% of respondents agreed. 2) As entrance fee was abolished, respondents predicted that degree of VA such as crowding, waste throwing, disorder etc. grew worse most. On the other hands, respondents predicted number and quality of commercial lodging facilities, festival, and local products would improved. 3) Respondents predicted that degree of VS would worse. 4) in multiple regression analysis, the relative contribution of the VA on VS have been determined to have respectively 1.84 times more important than that of the change degree of NRs. The results suggested that the management of VA in NP was the most important factor to prevent decline of VS. This paper would be helpful to establish national park management policy after EEF.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.324-331
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• 2001

본 연구는 계룡산국립공원을 방문한 이용객들의 전반적이 이용형태, 이용만족도, 그리고 이용 및 관리 관련 속성에 대한 태도를 파악함으로서 효율적인 공원관리방안 수립에 필요한 기초 정보의 제공에 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 응답자 직접기입 방식의 설문조사가 계룔산국립공원의 3개지역 (동학사. 갑사, 신원사)를 방문한 316명의 이용객을 대상으로 실시되었다. 응답자의 사회경제적 특성은 타국립공원에서 실시된 조사결과와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 계룡산국립공원은 휴식 목적의 방문비율이 가장 높았으며, 동반자 유형에 있어서 가족동반 비율이 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 응답자들은 도착지에서의 이용정보의 질과 제공수단에 불만족을 나타냈으며 응답자들이 현지에서 느낀 혼잡의 정도는 심하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이와 함께 전반적인 휴양만족도는 비교적 긍정적으로 평가되었다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.69-88
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• 1990

This study was conducted to investigate user, use characteristics and use pattern of Soknisan national park. In this study, the questionaire was used which was included the questions on socioeconomic variables of users, visiting motivations, attitudes on management and services, and so on. And to count the passingers, 9 observation points were selected. Visitor's important motivations were to escape from crowded city, to escape from daily routine, to enjoy natural seeing beauty, and so on. Their main activities were temple visit, stroll and mountain climbing. The visitor's composition showed that high school or more graduated twenties were respectively dominant. Perceived crowding level in this park were relatively high and most crowded area was Bupjusa area. Visitors had unsatisfactory attitudes on management and services as like trail, facilities, educational environment and others related services. Accordingly satisfaction level was comparatively low. A major portion of visitors merely visited Bupjusa area, only 15% and less climbed as far as top of mountain.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.231-243
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• 2018

This study was conducted to determine and compare the perceived number of users (PNU) and evaluative standards for each type of visitors to "Healing Field" of Jangseong Pyunbaek Healing Forest (JPHF). Data were collected from 158 samples selected by convenient sampling method from the users of "Healing Field" in JPHF during September 2017. Visitors to "Healing Field" consisted of 49.3% for recreation (VR), 15.3% for healing (VH), and 35.3% for both recreation and healing (VRH). Respondents' average PNU was 23.8 (median: 20.0), and the range of average PNU by visitor type was 21.1-27.8 (median: 20.0). Respondents' PNU showed low correlations with perceived crowding (PC) (r=0.23) and perceived interference of healing experience (PIHE) (r=0.20). There were no differences in the optimal number of users (ONU) of "Healing Field" among the types of visitors. The overall average ONU was 28.9(median: 25.0), and the range of average ONU by types of visitors was 25.4-31.4 (median: 25.0-27.5). The overall maximum acceptable number of users (MANU) was 38.1, and MANU for VR, VH, and VRH was 36.9, 32.0, and 38.0, respectively. Respondents' mean PC was 2.73 (SD: 3.26, 9-point scale) while mean PIHE was 3.26 (SD: 1.77, 9-point scale). The VRH group showed a higher PC and PIHE than the VR group. The group with greater PNU than ONU showed higher PC and PIHE than the other groups. Based on the results, this paper presented some managerial implications, discussed the limitations of the study, and suggested the further studies.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.31
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• pp.21-32
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• 2017

Local festivals form the regional cultures and atmosphere of communication; they increase the demand of domestic tourism businesses and thus, have an important role in ripple effects (e.g. regional image improvement, tourist influx, job creation, regional contents development, and local product sales) and economic revitalization. IoT (Internet of Thing) technologies have been developed especially, beacon-one of the IoT services has been applied as plenty of types and forms both domestically and internationally. However, notwithstanding expansion of current digital mobile technologies, it still remains as difficult for the individual to track the information about all the local festivals and to fulfill the tourists' needs of enjoying festivals given the weak strategic approaches and advertisement activities. Furthermore, current festival-related mobile applications don't function well as delivering information and have numerous contents issues (e.g. ways of information delivery within the festival places, independent application usage for each festival, one time usage due to one time event). This research, based on the background mentioned above, aims to develop the local festival mobile application and data analysis system applying beacon technology. First of all, three algorithms were developed, namely, 'festival crowding algorithm', 'visitor stats algorithm', and 'customized information algorithm', and then beta test was followed with the developed application and data analysis system. As a result, they could form the database of visitors' types and behaviors, and provide functions and services, such as personalized information, waiting time for festival contents, and 'hot place' function. Besides, in Google Play store, they also got the titles given with more than 13,000 downloads within first three months and as the most exposed application related with festivals; and, thus, got credited with their marketability and excellence. This research follows this order: chapter 2 shows the literature review of local festival related with technology development, beacon service, and festival application. In Chapter 3, design plans and conditions are described of developing local festival mobile application and data analysis system with beacon. Chapter 4 evaluates the results of the beta performance test to verify applicability of the developed application and data analysis system, and lastly, chapter 5 explains the conclusion and suggests the future research.