• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.197-203
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• 1995

The effects of diet composition, reproductive condition and ketonuria and ketosis on the composition of rumen volatil fatty acids(VFA) and the blood lipid concentration were investigated in Holstein dairy cows. Six healthy cows(Group I), 9 ketonuric cows (Group II) and 8 ketotic cows(Group III) were examined at days 13-15 pre-partum(PRP) and at day 15 post-partum(POP). The ratios of concentrated feed supplied at PRP and POP were 0% and 15%, respectively, in Group I, 25% and 67% in Group II, and were 30% and 46% in Group III. The fulfillment rates of total digestive nutrient(TDN) and digestive coarse protein(DCP) increased at POP in each group. Although total VFA concentrations were lower at POP than at PRP in each group, the concentrations at PRP and POP were higher in Group I than in Groups II and III. The molar ratio of acetic acid decreased at POP in Group I, while the ratio increased at POP in Groups II and III. The molar ratio of propionic acid increased at POP in Group I, while it decreased in Groups II and III. Blood total cholesterol, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, HDL-cholesterol, phospholipid and free fatty acid concentrations decreased at POP in all three groups, but these levels were low in Group I, high in Group III and intermediate in Group II at PRP and POP. Triglyceride concentration decreased after parturition in these three groups, but the decrease was most striking conspicuous in Group III.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.287-298
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• 2022

This study evaluated the efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) as an oxidant to reduce malodor emission from chicken feces. Two experiments were performed with the following four treatments in parallel: 1) fresh chicken feces with only distilled water added as a control, 2) a commercial germicide as a positive control, and 3) 2,000 or 4) 3,000 ppm of ClO₂ supplementation. Aluminum gas bags containing chicken feces sealed with a silicone plug were used in both experiments, and each treatment was tested in triplicate. In Experiment 1, 10 mL of each additive was added on the first day of incubation, and malodor emissions were then assessed after 10 days of incubation. In Experiment 2, 1 mL of each additive was added daily during a 14-day incubation period. At the end of the incubation, gas production, malodor-causing substances (H₂S and NH₃ gases), dry matter, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microbial enumeration were analyzed. Supplementing ClO₂ at 2,000 and 3,000 ppm significantly reduced the pH and the ammonia-N, total VFA, H₂S, and ammonia gas concentrations in chicken feces compared with the control feces (P<0.05). Additionally, microbial analysis indicated that the number of coliform bacteria was decrease after ClO₂ treatment (P<0.05). In conclusion, ClO₂ at 2,000 and 3,000 ppm was effective at reducing malodor emission from chicken feces. However, further studies are warranted to examine the effects of ClO₂ at various concentrations and the effects on malodor emission from a poultry farm.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.59-74
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• 2012

Buffer solubility and protein fractionation were evaluated from the hays (timothy, alfalfa and klein) and straws (tall fescue and rice), and $In$ $vitro$ trial was conducted to examine the effect of buffer extraction on fermentation characteristics, degradability and gas ($CO_2$ and $CH_4$) production. Buffer soluble protein (SP) content and A fraction in total protein were highest in alfalfa hay as 61% and 41.77%, respectively while lowest in rice straw (42.8% and 19.78%, respectively). No difference was observed in B1 fraction among forages but B2 fraction was slightly increased in klein hay (12.34%) and tall fescue straw (10.05%) compared with other forages (6.34~8.85%). B3 fraction of tall fescue was highest as 38.49% without difference among other forages while C fraction was highest in rice straw. pH in incubation solution was higher in all forages after extraction than before extraction at 3h (P<0.01) and 6h (P<0.05), and pH from hays of timothy and alfalfa was higher than the other forages at 6h (P<0.05) and 12h (P<0.001). Regardless of extraction, ammonia-N concentration from alfalfa hay was increased at all incubation times and extraction effect was appeared only at 3h incubation time (P<0.01). Total VFA concentration from alfalfa hay was highest up to 24h incubation while those from tall fescue straw and rice straw were lowest. Buffer extraction decreased (P<0.01~P<0.001) the total VFA concentration. Acetic acid proportion was increased (P<0.001) before extraction of forages but no difference was found between forages. Propionic acid($C_3$) proportion was also increased(P<0.001) before extraction in all forages than in straws at 3h, 24h and 48h incubations, and $C_3$ from hays were mostly higher (P<0.05) than from straws. Butyric acid proportion, however, was not affected by extraction at most incubation times. Parameter 'a' regarding to the dry matter (DM) degradation was increase (P<0.001) in all forages before extraction, and was decreased (P<0.05) in tall fescue straw and rice straw compared with hays. Parameter 'b' was also increased (P<0.001) before extraction but no difference was found between forages. Effective degradability of DM (EDDM) was higher (P<0.001) before extraction in most forages except for rice straw. Buffer extraction decreased (P<0.05) all parameters (a, b, and c) regrading to the crude protein (CP) degradation but no difference was found between forages. Effective degradation of CP (EDCP) was lower (P<0.05) in straws than in hays. Parameters 'a' and 'b' regarding to the NDF degradation (P<0.01) and effective degradability of NDF (EDNDF, P<0.001) were also higher in forages before extraction than after extraction but no difference was found between forages. Buffer extraction reduced (P<0.05~P<0.001) $CO_2$ production from all the forages uo to 24h incubation and its production was greater (P<0.05~P<0.01) from hays than straws. Methane ($CH_4$) production was also greater (P<0.01~P<0.001) in all forages at all incubation times, and its production was greater (P<0.05) from hays than from straws at most incubation times. Based on the results of the current study, it can be concluded that buffer solubility and CP fractionation might be closely related with $In$ $vitro$ VFA concentration, degradability and gas ($CO_2$ and $CH_4$) production. Thus, measurement of buffer solubility and protein fractionation of forages might be useful to improve TMR availability in the ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.617-622
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• 1992

Four rumen-fistulated swamp buffaloes steers were used in a change-over experiment. This experiment was designed to provide a comparison of the effect of urea-ammonia treatment of rice straw with untreated rice straw. Nitrogen, mineral and trace elements were supplied at adequate levels to both diets in order to overcome deficiencies which may have otherwise confounded a direct comparison. There was a 46% increase in the intake of digestible organic matter (OM) with the urea-ammonia treated diet. This was contributed by a 17% increase in the digestibility of OM and a 25% increase in the voluntary intake of OM. Of the cell wall fraction, the digestibility of hemicellulose increased by the greatest amount (26%). There was an increased rate of passage of particulate matter out of the rumen for the treated straw, along with the increased rate of OM fermentation resulted in a 9% decrease in the amount of digesta dry matter (DM) contained in the rumen. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) pool in the rumen was 24% higher for the treated diet.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.749-755
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• 1996

From the soil collected from provincial area of South Korea, a microorganisms which have been shown good growth in the minimal poultry feces extract medium was isolated. Supplement of glucose to the poultry feces extract medium helped the complete uptake of soluble protein by microorganism. Uric acid in the poultry feces extract medium could be completely degraded during the microbial growth. Maximum cell growth (3.8 $\times$ 10$^{9}$ CFU/ml) obtained at 36 hours of incubation after inoculation. Uric acid was degraded faster in minimal medium than in the glucose complement medium. VFA (volatile fatty acid), which are known as major compounds of poultry feces odor, were almost removed from the minimal poultry feces extract medium. Glucose supplement to the minimal medium enhanced the growth of microbial cells. Addition of 4% of glucose and 4% of neopeptone to the minimal poultry feces extract medium helped the maximal growth of cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1989

In spite of the well confirmed advantages of wilting on the fermentation quality, wilting silages are difficult to make at optimum dry matter content. The prolonged wilting, especially in humid condition, result in lower water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents, extensive protein breakdown and sometimes higher total volatile fatty acid (VFA) during wilting an ensilage. Apart from difficulty of controlling moisture content, another problem associated with wilted silages is different evaluation on the potential productivity. In temperature climate of Asia, therefore further researches on the effects of wilting on the silage fermentation and potential productivity seen to be necessary.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1085-1089
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• 2001

Metabolites, such as isopropyl alcohol (IPA) produced by rumen fermentation, were intravenously infused into a jugular vein of goats during feeding to explore the mechanism and roles of IPA in ruminating behavior (number of boli and ruminating time). Three female goats were confined in metabolism cages with a stanchion, The ruminating behavior measured by the number of ruminations, ruminating time, number of remastications, and remasticating time decreased (p<0,05) with intravenous IPA infusion. The IPA concentrations and VFA concentrations increased in the blood circulation. Our data suggest that sensitive receptors of rumination to IPA are more likely to be in an area such as the brain stem where they can respond to blood metabolite levels.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2015

Biohydrogen production from food waste via dark fermentation was conducted by using mixed culture under various environmental conditions (initial pH, initial F/M ratio, initial ferrous iron ($Fe^{2+}$), and temperature condition) in batch reactor. The results revealed that the maximum hydrogen yield of $46.19mL\;H_2/g\;COD_{add}$ was achieved at the optimal conditions (initial pH 8.0, initial F/M ratio 4.0, initial iron concentration 100 mg $FeSO_4/L$ and thermophilic condition ($55{\pm}1^{\circ}C$)). Furthermore, major volatile fatty acid (VFA) productions of butyrate (765.66 mg/L) and acetate (324.69 mg/L) were detected and COD removal efficiency was detected at 66.00%. Therefore, these optimal conditions could be recommended to operate a system.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-5
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• 2000

연속형 혐기성처리 반응조에서 배양된 수소발생 슬러지를 이용하여 증온 조건에서 회분식 혐기성 처리방법으로 유기성 폐수로부터 전환되는 수소가스 및 대사산물들에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 수소발생에 대한 기질로는 sucrose를 이용하였다. 처리과정에서 발생된 누적수소가스, 휘발성지방산(VFAs) 및 solvents는 Gompertz equation을 이용한 비선형회귀분석을 통하여 계산하였다. 처리과정 중 수소가스는 반응초기에 발생하였고, 발생된 가스내 수소가스가 차지하는 비율은 약 20%이었다. 반응 전과정에서 메탄가스는 발생하지 않았다. 비수소가스발생율은 sucrose 농도가 40 g/l일 때 0.956 ml/g VSs/h이었으며, sucrose 농도가 300g/l의 경우는 0.011 ml/g VSS/h이었다. 수소가 발생하는 기간 동안 VFAs의 생성은 acetate, butyrate의 순으로 높게 생성되었으나, propionate로의 전환은 발견되지 않았다. solvents의 경우 butanol이 가장 높게 발생하였다.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.149-173
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• 2022

Vaccine nationalism and its implications to vaccine supply were a huge concern globally when COVID-19 vaccines first became available in 2021. At the time, vaccine supply was limited and it was difficult for many countries around the world to get adequate supply of the COVID-19 vaccine to inoculate their people. At its most benign, vaccine nationalism delayed the access of poorer countries to vaccines that are widely considered as the long-term solution to the COVID-19 pandemic. Poorer countries needed to resort to diplomacy to wrangle early access to vaccine supply from vaccine-producing countries like the United States, the United Kingdom and others. In particular, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte leveraged his country's Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA) with the United States and the need for Filipino nurses by countries like the United Kingdom and Germany to secure early access to COVID-19 vaccines. It all seems trivial now (in 2022) because of better global vaccine supply, but in 2021 when countries scrambled for access to scarce COVID-19 vaccines, Rodrigo Duterte leveraged the Philippines' assets to gain early access to vaccine supply.