• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1992-1999
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• 2017

This study proposes a decorative typeface which is produced through the concept of trigonometric functions in an open-source programming language known as Processing. First, the theoretical background of Processing and trigonometric functions as well as previous research in this area are analyzed. Second, basic modules of 'V', 'I', 'O', and 'M' were created for use as the final alphabet typeface with the concept of a trigonometric function. Third, a decorative parabolic curve that encircles the base module was created. Finally, the modules created on Processing were edited in Adobe Illustrator to create a typeface set with characters from A to Z. Various artworks using Programming can produce an infinite number of different versions by modifying only some of the variables and codes, and this method can include multimedia features such as text, images, videos, interactive art and various forms of content and media. Therefore, with regard to expression, the possibilities are endless. In this study, I attempt to expand the field of visual culture using programming and computational methodologies. In contrast to the digital typeface production method, which relies on existing graphic tools, this study is meaningful because it expands the range of use of decorative typefaces.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.427-432
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• 2018

The reaction of [$[Ni(L)]Cl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ (L = 3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[$14,4,0^{1.18},0^{7.12}$]docosane) with 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid ($H_2cda$) yields mononuclear nickel(II) complex, [$Ni(L)(Hcda^-)_2$] (1). This complex has been characterized by X-ray crystallography, electronic absorption, cyclic voltammetry and thermogravimetric analyzer. The crystal structure of 1 exhibits a distorted octahedral geometry with four nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle and two 1,1-cyclohexanediacetate ligands. It crystallizes in the triclinic system P-1 with a = 11.3918(7), b = 12.6196(8), $c=12.8700(8){\AA}$, $V=1579.9(2){\AA}^3$, Z = 2. Electronic spectrum of 1 also reveals a high-spin octahedral environment. Cyclic voltammetry of 1 undergoes one wave of a one-electron transfer corresponding to $Ni^{II}/Ni^{III}$ process. TGA curve for 1 shows three-step weight loss. The electronic spectra, electrochemical and TGA behavior of the complex are significantly affected by the nature of the axial $Hcda^-$ ligand.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.991-998
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• 1989

This investigation was carried out for the purpose of studying the turbulent flow and mixing characteristics after collision of two jets depending upon the cross angle variations. For effectuating this experimental study, a subsonic wind tunnel and a constant temperature type two channel hot-wire anemometer system have been utilized. The jets issuing from two nozzles have same Reynolds numbers and their cross angle was variable. After collision of two jets, the cross section of the mixing flow, mean and fluctuating velocities and Reynolds stresses have been measured, and analyzed comparing them with semi-empirical equations. It was found that the nondirectional contour of the cross section agreed well with an elliptic formula and the mean velocities along the centerline had a good similarity independent of cross angle variations. The distributions of U over bar-components measured in the Y direction have a good similarity and agree well with semi-empirical equations of Hinze and Gortler. The Reynolds stresses of u'v' over bar on the Y axis show a similar distributions and their agreement with the theoretical curve is remarkable but those of u'w' over bar measured along the Z axis are randomly scattered.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.110-120
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• 1986

45.deg. corss jet flow, at the mixing of two jet flows, was experimentally studied. For this study, only the statistical turbulent characteristics and high order moments will be analysed by on-line computer system (hot-wire anemometer system, dynamic analyser and computer system, plotting and printing system). Since mean velocity distributions, intensities of turbulence, Reynolds stresses, correlation coefficients, and other general results were already studied and presented. One dimensional probability density distributions of u', v', and w' were analysed comparing with Gaussian curve, which showed skew and flat tendency according to the Y and Z directions. For the analysis of the joint flow of turublent components, the joint probability density distributions were examined. The fagures were drawn so as to be read joint probabilities, joint probability densities, fluctuating velocities u', v', and w'. For further detailed examination of the variations of skewness and flatness phenomena, iso-joint probability density contours obtained from the profiles of the joint probability density distributions were studied. According to the displacement of positions from the center of the mixing flow and the directions, the flatness and skewness factors were increased.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.524-534
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• 2001

The pressure-volume curve parameters were investigated to elucidate the effects of shading treatment on the water relations of the one year old seedlings of Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Betula schmidtii, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono and Prunes sargentii subjected to five levels of artificial shading treatments. The osmotic potentials at full turgor(${\phi}_{{\pi}o}$) measured under full sunlight changed with species and growing season in the ranges of -1.04~-1.27MPa, -1.03~-1.48MPa, -0.94~-1.44MPa in first year treatment, and -0.90~-1.37MPa, -1.05~-1.79MPa, -0.99~-1.30MPa in second year treatment in June, July, and September, respectively. The osmotic potentials at full turgor increased with increment of shading level in the ranges of -0.90~-1.79MPa in full sunlight and -0.58~-1.23MPa in nearly full shading level(E) through the growing seasons in all the species studied. The osmotic potentials at turgor loss point(${\phi}_{{\pi}p}$) measured in full sunlight changed in the ranges of -1.64~-2.11MPa, -1.67~-2.15MPa, -1.47~-2.11MPa, and -1.45~-2.04MPa, -1.30~-2.00MPa, -1.28~-2.33MPa in June, July, and September of first and second years, respectively. Most of ${\phi}_{{\pi}p}$ measurements were lower within about 0.5MPa in comparison with those of ${\phi}_{{\pi}o}$. The measurements of ${\phi}_{{\pi}p}$ also increased with increment of shading level, and the differences in ${\phi}_{{\pi}p}$ among shading levels were generally greater than those in ${\phi}_{{\pi}o}$ by species and by growing season. Most of the osmotic potentials at turgor loss point as like as at full turgor were lowered in July than in June and September. The measurements of relative water content at turgor lass point(RWCp) in full sunlight were in the similar ranges of 81~88%, 71~86%, 75~84%, and 82~87, 72~84%, 76~86% in June, July, and September of first and second years, respectively. The RWCp were a little higher in A. mono and P. sargentii than in B. platyphylla var. japonica, B. schmidtii, and Z. serrata. The RWCp also decreased from 71~88% in full sunlight to 48~77% in nearly full shading treatment with increment of shading level. Even if there were some exceptions by species or by growing season, the shading effects on the changes in some P-V parameters were distinctly observed in the present study. The change in P-V parameters following shading treatment may be presumably inferred on the changes in solute accumulation, membrane elasticity, symplasmic water volume, and so on. But much more experiments should be necessarily continued for getting detailed informations on the physiological mechanism of shading effects relating to the changes in P-V parameters.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2009

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two domperidone maleate tablets, Motilium-$M^{(R)}$ Tablet (Janssen Korea Ltd., reference product) and $Toriem^{(R)}$ Tablet (Daewon Pharm. Co., Ltd., test product). Domperidone was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using tert-butyl methyl ether and separated in less than 3 min on $C_{18}$ reverse-phase column using an isocratic elution. A tandem mass spectrometer, as detector, was used for quantitative analysis in positive mode by a multiple reaction monitoring mode to monitor the m/z $426.1{\rightarrow}119.1$ and the m/z $837.4{\rightarrow}158.2$ transitions for domperidone and the internal standard (roxithromycin), respectively. Calibration curves, from $0.05{\sim}50$ ng/mL of domperidone, showed correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.9941. Intra day and inter day precision (C.V. %) for quality control were ranged from 10.04 to 16.09% and from 10.87 to 18.69%, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of domperidone was 0.05 ng/mL. The method described is precise and sensitive and has been successfully applied to the study of bioequivalence of domperidone in 24 healthy Korean volunteers. Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received a single dose of each medicine ($2{\times}12.72\;mg$ domperidone maleate) in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of domperidone were monitored for over a period of 24 hr after the administration. $AUC_{0-t}$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. The 90% confidence intervals for the log transformed data were within acceptable range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $log\;0.92{\sim}log\;1.05$ for $AUC_{0-t}$, $log\;0.81{\sim}log\;1.05$ for $C_{max}$). The major parameters, $AUC_{0-t}$ and $C_{max}$ met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence indicating that $Toriem^{(R)}$ tablet is bioequivalent to Motilium-$M^{(R)}$ tablet.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.122-126
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• 2003

In this study, $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Te epilayer of 0.7 $\mu\textrm{m}$-thickness was grown on GaAs(100) substrate by using hot wallepitaxy. GaAs(100) substrate was removed from $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Teepilayer by the selective etching solution. The crystal structure and the lattice constant of only Z $n_{0.86}$ M $n_{0.14}$Te epilayer were investigated to be zincblende and 6.140 $\AA$ from X-ray diffraction pattern, respectively. Mn composition x of $Zn_{1-x}Mn_x$Te epilayer was found to be 0.14 using this lattice constant and Vegard's law. The crystal quality of the epilayer was confirmed to be very good due to 256 arcsec-full-width at half-maximum of the double crystal rocking curve. The absorption spectra from the transmission ones were obtained to measure the band gap energy of $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Te epilayer from 300 K to 10 K. With the decreasing temperature,. strong absorption regions in the absorption spectra were shifted to higher energy side and the absorption peak meaning the free exciton formation appeared near the absorption edge. The band gap energy values of $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Te epilayer at 0 K and 300 K were found to be almost 2.4947 eV and 2.330 eV from the temperature dependence of the free exciton peak position energy of $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Te epilayer, respectively. The free exciton peak position energy of $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Te epilayer without GaAs substrate was larger 15.4 meV than photoluminescence peak position energy at 10 K. This energy difference between two peaks was analysed to be Stokes shift.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.105-110
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• 2007

Purpose : In spite of recent remarkable improvement of diagnostic imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, and PET and radiation therapy planing systems, ICR plan of uterine cervix cancer, based on recommendation of ICRU38(2D film-based) such as Point A, is still used widely. A 3-dimensional ICR plan based on CT image provides dose-volume histogram(DVH) information of the tumor and normal tissue. In this study, we compared tumor-dose, rectal-dose and bladder-dose through an analysis of DVH between CTV plan and ICRU38 plan based on CT image. Method and Material : We analyzed 11 patients with a cervix cancer who received the ICR of Ir-192 HDR. After 40Gy of external beam radiation therapy, ICR plan was established using PLATO(Nucletron) v.14.2 planing system. CT scan was done to all the patients using CT-simulator(Ultra Z, Philips). We contoured CTV, rectum and bladder on the CT image and established CTV plan which delivers the 100% dose to CTV and ICRU plan which delivers the 100% dose to the point A. Result : The volume$(average{\pm}SD)$ of CTV, rectum and bladder in all of 11 patients is $21.8{\pm}6.6cm^3,\;60.9{\pm}25.0cm^3,\;111.6{\pm}40.1cm^3$ respectively. The volume covered by 100% isodose curve is $126.7{\pm}18.9cm^3$ in ICRU plan and $98.2{\pm}74.5cm^3$ in CTV plan(p=0.0001), respectively. In (On) ICRU planning, $22.0cm^3$ of CTV volume was not covered by 100% isodose curve in one patient whose residual tumor size is greater than 4cm, while more than 100% dose was irradiated unnecessarily to the normal organ of $62.2{\pm}4.8cm^3$ other than the tumor in the remaining 10 patients with a residual tumor less than 4cm in size. Bladder dose recommended by ICRU 38 was $90.1{\pm}21.3%$ and $68.7{\pm}26.6%$ in ICRU plan and in CTV plan respectively(p=0.001) while rectal dose recommended by ICRU 38 was $86.4{\pm}18.3%$ and $76.9{\pm}15.6%$ in ICRU plan and in CTV plan, respectively(p=0.08). Bladder and rectum maximum dose was $137.2{\pm}50.1%,\;101.1{\pm}41.8%$ in ICRU plan and $107.6{\pm}47.9%,\;86.9{\pm}30.8%$ in CTV plan, respectively. Therefore, the radiation dose to normal organ was lower in CTV plan than in ICRU plan. But the normal tissue dose was remarkably higher than a recommended dose in CTV plan in one patient whose residual tumor size was greater than 4cm. The volume of rectum receiving more than 80% isodose (V80rec) was $1.8{\pm}2.4cm^3$ in ICRU plan and $0.7{\pm}1.0cm^3$ in CTV plan(p=0.02). The volume of bladder receiving more than 80% isodose(V80bla) was $12.2{\pm}8.9cm^3$ in ICRU plan and $3.5{\pm}4.1cm^3$ in CTV plan(p=0.005). According to these parameters, CTV plan could also save more normal tissue compared to ICRU38 plan. Conclusion : An unnecessary excessive radiation dose is irradiated to normal tissues within 100% isodose area in the traditional ICRU plan in case of a small size of cervix cancer, but if we use CTV plan based on CT image, the normal tissue dose could be reduced remarkably without a compromise of tumor dose. However, in a large tumor case, we need more research on an effective 3D-planing to reduce the normal tissue dose.