• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.400-406
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• 2013

Water footprint means the direct and indirect water resource amount used for the life cycle of different goods, services and industries. In this study, the direct and indirect water resource consumption in industrial sectors were calculated by using water footprint evaluation method. As a result, agriculture and marine product industry takes part of 93% of whole water resource amount, showing the greatest amount of basic unit of water coefficient (637 $m^3/won$) following by petroleum and cool products industry of about 13 $m^3/won$. In the agriculture and marine product industry, the direct water consumption was only 25 billion $m^3$ compared to the indirect water, which is 130 billion $m^3$. The next highest industry was chemical product industry, which consists of 2 billion $m^3$ of the direct water and 4.5 billion $m^3$ of the indirect water consumption. In case of industries which have high direct water, it would be more effective to reduce amount of water related to the industry than to reduce water in actual process. This water footprint of each industry and evaluation method will be useful tool and method for development of national water management policy and regulation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.175-187
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• 2014

The subways play an important part in serious traffic problems. Almost seven million citizens a day are using subways as a means of traffic communication in the Seoul metropolitan city in 2012. However, the subway system is a semi-closed environment, so many serious problems occurred in subway stations and injured passengers' health. Platform screen doors (PSD) are expected to prevent negligent accident such as injury or death from falling and improve the air quality of the subway station. Installation of PSD at stations in Seoul metropolitan subway had been completed in December 2009. Consequently, the underground transportation system became a closed environment, so the air quality has improved the platforms, but it has deteriorated in the tunnels. Especially, the subway cabin has many doors, and the doors are frequently opened and closed. For this reason, the effect of door opening on subway cabin, dust flow inside the subway cabin. In this process, the maintenance work may influence the health of people who work underground, as well as that of subway users (passengers). In this study, we measured air quality inside and outside of the subway cabin line 2 in Seoul, Korea. This study focused on the investigation of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and measurement target pollutants are PM10, CO, $CO_2$, $NO_2$, $O_3$. It was found that levels of PM10, $CO_2$, and $NO_2$ inside subway cabin line 2 exceeded the Korea IAQ standard. Concentrations of PM10, $CO_2$, and $NO_2$ inside of the cabin are higher than outside of the cabin (Indoor Outdoor ratio is higher than 1.). Concentrations of CO, $O_3$ inside of the cabin are lower than outside of the cabin (Indoor Outdoor ratio is lower than 1.). There is a high correlation between $CO_2$ and passengers inside of the cabin and PM10 is only the weakest correlation with passengers. Therefore, it is important to find out the emission source of $NO_2$. The results of this study will be useful as fundamental data to study indoor air quality of a subway cabin.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.45
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• pp.283-298
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• 2016

Design is a fatal factor to differentiate and survive one product from the other in fierce competition of the market, when other conditions such as price or quality makes no much difference. Among many marketing tools, package design is known as a direct communication that visualizes and forms the very initial brand image of a product. Package design is not only for packing, transporting, storing and loading but for engraving the brand image in a consumers' mind and lead them to purchasing. One of recent package design trands is various ways of using character, not just as a printed image on the surface but as a part of three dimensional structure of package. If it succeed, the package design could give out the secondary fun and impact to the consumers. The package design with an effective character is itself a great marketing tool and valuable design asset, which can bring a further profit to the company. Especially, character-package can be a powerful and effective marketing method for various local products, in needs of further publication and sales with limited cost. It should motivate the sales of the products by grabbing their attention and taken as a souvenir. This research takes a character package as a useful marketing method for a local brand in Jeonju, South Korea, and tries to design a three dimensional package using its own character. Through the process, the research aims to propose an important design strategy for repositioning or enhancing an existing brand.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1987

The effects of various drugs on muricide and hyperirritability induced by bilateral lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAB) were investigated in comparison with those on aggression induced by midbrain raphe nuclei-lesioned rats (raphe) and olfactory bulbectomized rats (OB). Muricide in NAB, raphe and OB rats were markedly suppressed by atropine. Muricide in NAB and raphe rats were significantly suppressed by L-DOPA, L-5-HTP, but muricide in OB rats was scarcely suppressed by L-DOPA and L-5-HTP. Hyperirritability in NAB, raphe and OB rats were significantly reduced by L-DOPA and haloperidol but not suppressed by atropine. On the other hand, muricide in NAB rats was markedly suppressed by antidepressants, particularily, nomifensine, clomipramine and desipramine. Muricide in raphe rats was markedly inhibited by nomifensine and clomipramine but only slightly inhibited by desipramine. Muricide in OB rats was markedly suppressed by imipramine. Hyperirritability in NAB, raphe and OB rats were slightly suppressed by antidepressants. These results suggested that the pharmacological characteristics of aggression induced by NAB rats resembles that induced by raphe rats, but differs from that induced by OB rats. It is also suggested that employment of different types of experimentally induced muricide in rats can be useful for the evaluation of antidepressants.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.172-182
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• 2002

Objectives: We did research in the cause of the Pitchers' injury and their recovery process to make a detailed injury list for the purpose of finding the cause of the Korean professional pitchers' injury and its classification. We drew the conclusion through the results as following. Methods: We posed a question to the 80 pitchers playing in the first team of the eight Korean professional baseball team and analyzed the 62 pieces of question paper except the paper having a mistake. We used SAS/PC statistical package in analyzing the data. Results: In the frequency of the pitchers' shoulder injury in the last three years, the injured of all the players were 61.3$\%$ and the injury free players were 28.7$\%$. The cause of the injury was 45.2$\%$ wrong pitching motion, which was the highest value. For the shape of a pain when injured, the reverberation ache feeling when he is hit in the weight commanded an absolute majority as 19.4$\%$. Those who had muscular pain were 17.7$\%$, which was felt mostly at the pitching motion. The most trouble name of the injured shoulder was bicepstendinitis as 16.1$\%$ while the injury of shoulder joint was the lowest as 1.6$\%$. As the most widely used treatment, 25.8 percent of all the players had taken an electronical thraphy after injury. 14.5 percent of the players who had an injury to the shoulder told that they have an operation and 85 percent of them didn't. As a sort of the operation, a repairing of labrum was 44.4 percent, which is the highest value and the 77.8 percent pitchers are performing a normal pitching through rehabilitation after the operation and 22.2 percent of them are undergoing rehabilitation training. Conclusion: The research have shown that the main cause of the injury, concerning the Korean professional pitchers throwing lots of ball in both matches and practices, is overuse syndrome, bad mechanism, muscle weakness and instability of balance. I think that the role of trainer, physical therapy, and team physician taking charge of the players' injury must learn physical test method by heart exactly to check up the state of the injury definitely at the initial phase. Moreover, when the cause of the injury part after a close examination is discovered, the scientific and good surgery is essential to the rehabilitation success and making a classification of shoulder instability is useful to make a operation plan as well as the players' rehabilitation, treatment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.130-133
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• 2009

The use of screening tests as part of a diagnostic work-up is common in domestic canine practice, but understanding of the diagnostic test characteristics and factors affecting diagnostic accuracy is not clear among clinicians. This article was aimed to provide clinicians with a better understanding on the selection of test kits and with a proper interpretation of test results using an example from heartworm(Dirofilaria immitis) studies. From the literatures, diagnostic accuracy varied depending on the kits: percent average sensitivity and specificity of ELISA antigen-detecting kits were DiroChek(Synbiotics, USA) 78.1 and 95.2, SNAP(IDEXX, USA) 66.3 and 98.1, and Solo Step(Heska, Switzerland) 69.5 and 97.5, respectively, while the values for three hematological methods(Modified Knott's, direct smear and capillary tube) ranged from 38.4 to 81.8% and from 96.9 to 100%, respectively. Furthermore, it was also reported that the prevalence of heartworm disease in domestic dog populations varied depending on the regions studied: 2.5-22.8% for microfilarial test and 2.2-66.3% by ELISA. The values of predictive values for positive(PPV) and negative(NPV) provide useful information to clinicians on the probability of heartworm infection, but the PPV and NPV are greatly dependent on the heartworm prevalence. This suggests that PPV or NPV values of a test should be interpreted carefully in different clinical settings. Practical methods on the interpretation taking into account heartworm prevalence were discussed.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2013

In the present study, we investigated the effect of ethanolic extract of the seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa (EEZS) on cholinergic blockade-induced memory impairment in mice. Male ICR mice were treated with EEZS. The behavioral tests were conducted using the passive avoidance, the Y-maze, and the Morris water maze tasks. EEZS (100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in our present behavioral tasks without changes of locomotor activity. The ameliorating effect of EEZS on scopolamine-induced memory impairment was significantly reversed by a sub-effective dose of MK-801 (0.0125 mg/kg, s.c.). In addition, single administration of EEZS in normal naive mouse enhanced latency time in the passive avoidance task. Western blot analysis was employed to confirm the mechanism of memory-ameliorating effect of EEZS. Administration of EEZS (200 mg/kg) increased the level of memory-related signaling molecules, including phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase or cAMP response element-binding protein in the hippocampal region. Also, the time-dependent expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by the administration of EEZS was markedly increased from 3 to 9 h. These results suggest that EEZS has memory-ameliorating effect on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment, which is mediated by the enhancement of the cholinergic neurotransmitter system, in part, via NMDA receptor signaling, and that EEZS would be useful agent against cognitive dysfunction such as Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.71-88
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find the way to build the concept image about natural logarithm and the method is using definite integral in calculus under GeoGebra environment. When the students approach to natural logarithm, need to use dynamic program about the definite integral in calculus. Visible reasoning process through using dynamic program(GeoGebra) is the most important part that make the concept image to students. Also, for understand mathematical concept to students, using GeoGebra environment in dynamic program is not only useful but helpful method of teaching and studying. In this article, about graph of natural logarithm using the definite integral, to explore process of understand and to find special feature under GeoGebra environment. And it was obtained from a survey of undergraduate students of mathmatics. Also, relate to this process, examine an aspect of students, how understand about connection between natural logarithm and the definite integral, definition of natural logarithm and mathematical link of e. As a result, we found that undergraduate students of mathmatics can understand clearly more about the graph of natural logarithm using the definite integral when using GeoGebra environment. Futhermore, in process of handling the dynamic program that provide opportunity that to observe and analysis about process for problem solving and real concept of mathematics.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.111-131
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• 2002

Strategic information systems assist organization with the significant opportunity to gain competitive advantage in executing its business plans and realizing its business goals. The universities establish long-range plan of information systems in an effort to provide just-in-time, useful, efficient and effective information services to their members such as professors, students, and staffs when carrying out various organizational activities. The university information systems started from the primitive computer-based application, extended to the administrative and educational e-transformation, even to the virtual university concept. Through an empirical analysis and complementary case examples, the current study carefully chose three Korean universities according to their chronological importance, that have undergone the information systems planning process years from 1995 to 2001. These universities then, were compared in terms of the information technology architecture: the information architecture, infra architecture, and information management architecture. These three areas of system were cross-examined under the consideration of the evolution of information technology architecture, and its impact on the development of university e-transformation. As part of a fulfillment plan to satisfy the needs of customers of current trend, it is evident that the university e-transformation provides a stepladder to highly competitive, first class university in the market, through achieving the educational advancement, research enhancement, and administrative efficiency. The result of the study analysis indicates that, of the three architectures examined, the weakness showed in the information management architecture. Therefore it is crucial for the university staffs, managers and professors to understand the significance of the successful implementation of the information system and its maintenance. Our study certainly will act as a catalyst for the promotion of the future university e-transformation projects.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 1971

As a series on the soy-bean protein and their related substances 9 samples were collected from 9 places such as straws (Rice) to obtain bacterial strains which produce protease. From these samples total of 23 strains were isolated by the use of dilution pour plate method. For all isolated strains primary screening of productivity of protease was performed and useful straines with regard to protease productivities were identified. Optimum conditions for enzyme action of protease from isolates $D_9$, $F_{20}$ strains were pH 7.5 and $40^{\circ}C$. Chung-Kook-Jang is one of the characteristic foods in Korea made from soy-bean by fermentation. The chief bacterium is Bacillus subtilis and the chief change which takes place in soy-bean during fermentation is degradation of protein. Three kinds of Chung-Kook-Jang were prepared using three different strains of Bacillus natto, $D_9\;and\;F_{20}$ from isolated. Water soluble-N, TCA soluble-N, amino-N and peptide-N were measured about the steamed soybean, Chung-Kook-Jang prepared with three strains of bacteria. Water soluble-N decreased very largely in steamed soybean, but in Chung-Kook-Jang it increased to 85% of raw soy-bean.