• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2006

Objectives : Internet became essential component in these days. This study primarily tried to find out the characteristics of high risk internet users through using the communication scale. Methods : We investigated levels of internet addiction using Internet Addiction Scale in 1,193 high school and middle school students. Participants were divided into 3 groups (high risk user group, potential risk user group, normal user group) according to the results from internet addiction scale. We additionally surveyed characteristics of internet use, and patterns of communication and Communication Scale based on Satir theory in 614 from 1,193 participants. Results : Boys showed higher tendencies for internet addiction than girls in internet addiction scale. There were significant differences in mean computer using time especially during weekends among 3 internet user groups. The distribution of communication types in each internet user group was similar and this finding coincided with previous study results. However high risk user group showed higher scores in each inadequate communication pattern such as placating, blaming, super-reasonable and irrelevant stance. Conclusion : These results suggest that adolescents who use internet in addictive patterns may have more problematic communication styles and these may be associated with poor interpersonal relationships.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken feces. One hundred and forty-seven E. coli isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (95.2%), erythromycin (89.2%), ampicillin (70.1%), streptomycin (59.2%), cephalothin (56.5%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (53.7%), ciprofloxacin (57.1%), enrofloxacin (59.2%) and norfloxacin (57.1%). The multiple resistance was seen in 144 isolates (97.9%) and the rate of five, six and seven drugs resistance pattern were 20.4%, 18.4% and 16.3%, respectively. Also, the multiple resistance of E. coli to twelve drugs were seen in 1 isolates (0.7%). Fourteen Salmonella spp. showed resistance to ampicillin (50.0%), streptomycin (57.1%), erythromycin (64.3%) and tetracycline (57.1%) and the rate of two and three drugs resistance pattern were 4 isolates (28.6%), respectively. The prevalence of resistant organisms in Korea probably reflects lack of proper antibiotic policy resulting in prolonged and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Melasma is a common disorder that causes dark colored patches. It generally causes brown spots on the face, especially on the forehead, cheeks, and upper lips. The pattern of patches has bilateral symmetry in yellowish-brown to gray-brown colors. It is much more common in women than in men. Melasma is considered to be caused by environmental and physical constitutional factors and often occurs when a woman's hormone changes by pregnancy or the use of oral contraceptive pills. It is important to combine oriental medicine and Sasang constitutional medicine for treatment of Melasma. Normal treatment of Melasma includes warming oneself, removal of the emotional stress factors, and good nutrition.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.361-382
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• 2022

The third opium war may have already started, not only due to illicit opioid trafficking from the Golden Crescent and Golden Triangle on the international front but also through indiscriminate opioid prescription and opioid diversion at home. Opioid use disorder (OUD), among unintentional injuries, has become one of the top 4 causes of death in the United States (U.S.). An OUD is defined as a problematic pattern of opioid use resulting in clinically significant impairment or distress, consisting of 2 or more of 11 problems within 1 year, as described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Observation of aberrant behaviors of OUD is also helpful for overworked clinicians. For the prevention of OUD, the Opioid Risk Tool and the Current Opioid Misuse Measure are appropriate screening tests before and during opioid administration, respectively. Treatment of OUD consists of 3 opioid-based U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved medications, including methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone, and non-opioid-based symptomatic medications for reducing opioid withdrawal syndromes, such as α₂ agonists, β-blockers, antidiarrheals, antiemetics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and benzodiazepines. There are at least 6 recommendable guidelines and essential terms related to OUD. Opioid stewardship programs are now critical to promoting appropriate use of opioid medications, improving patient outcomes, and reducing misuse of opioids, influenced by the successful implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs. Despite the lack of previous motivation, now is the critical time for trying to reduce the risk of OUD.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.41-65
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• 1997

The diagnostic requirements were suggested and explained regarding the systems of differentiation of symptoms and signs in the third year study of standardization and unification of the terms and conditions used for diagnosis in oriental medicine. The systems were as follows : - analysing and differentiating of epidemic febrile disease - analysing and differentiating in accordance with the Sasang constitutional medicine baced on four-type recognition - differentiation of diease according to pathological changes of Chong and Ren channels - standards for diagnosis of women's disease - standards for diagnosis of children's disease - standards for diagnosis of motor and sensor disturbance(-muscle born joint etc.) - standards for diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diease - standards for diagnosis of five sense organ diease - standards for diagnosis of external disease. The indivisual diagnosis pattern was arranged by the diagnostic requirments in the following odor : another name, notion of diagnosis pattern, index of differentiation of symptoms and signs, the main point of diagnosis, analysis of diagnosis pattern, discrimination of diagnosis pattrrn, prognosis, a way of curing a diseases, prescription, herbs in common use, dieases appearing the diagnosis pattern, documents. The standards for diagnosis of each disease was arranged by the diagnostic requirments in the following odor. another name, notion of diease, the main point of diagnosis, analysing and differentiating of disease, analysis of diease, discrimination of disease, prognosis, a way of curing and prescription of disease, dieases In western medicine appearing the disease in oriental medicine, documents.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.175-202
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted towards developing a screening tool for syndrome differentiation in the diagnosis of menopause in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Methods: We conducted a literature review of studies on menopausal diagnosis based on syndrome differentiation, and examined well-founded differentiated syndromes and their respective clinical symptoms. Based on the findings, we created a questionnaire through consultations with Oriental medicine experts in physiology, pathology, and diagnostics. Finally, the research team conducted an expert Delphi study on differentiated syndromes and the associated clinical symptoms. Results: Seven differentiated syndromes were selected, including Liver Depression (肝鬱), Kidney Yin Deficiency (腎陰虛), Kidney Yang Deficiency (腎陽虛), Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency (肝腎陰虛), Kidney Yin and Yang Deficiency (腎陰陽兩虛), Heart-Kidney Noninteraction (心腎不交), and Dual Deficiency of Heart and Spleen (心脾兩虛); 4 disease locations, including liver (肝), heart (心), spleen (脾), and kidney (腎); and 3 disease natures, including Yin Deficiency (陰虛), Qi Stagnation (氣滯), and Blood Deficiency (血虛). In addition, we added 3 supplemental disease natures, including Yang Deficiency (陽虛), Qi Deficiency (氣虛), and Heat (火熱), in consideration of syndrome differentiation categories that may possibly be added in a follow-up clinical questionnaire. Conclusions: This resulted in a total of 7 differentiated syndromes, 4 disease locations, and 6 disease natures. We translated the clinical symptoms of these 17 categories into Korean Hangeul. After consulting with 5 Oriental medicine experts and a psychology expert, we produced a questionnaire for use in diagnosing menopause based on syndrome differentiation. The calculation of scores for the syndrome differentiation screening tool will be confirmed through clinical research based on the results of a review of existing literature.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2009

Purpose: Alcohol is a major risk factor for injuries, but little is known about the relationship between chronic drinking pattern and injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of alcohol-related injuries and the differences in the characteristics of the injuries between Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) categories. Methods: Among a representative sample of the third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 7,697 adults answered questions about injuries, drinking patterns, and socioeconomic status. Incidences of alcohol-related injuries and of non-alcohol-related injuries were calculated, and the relative ratio of injuries between AUDIT categories was analyzed. Results: The incidences of all injuries and alcohol-related injuries were 69.2 and 6.8 per 1000 person-year. After adjustment, the incidences of non-alcohol-related injuries showed no differences between AUDIT categories. But the adjusted relative ratios (RRs) of alcohol-related injuries were 3.73 (95% CI: 1.54~8.99) and 7.70 (95% CI: 3.61~16.44) for risk drinkers and for alcohol-dependent drinkers respectively. No specific body part could be identified as being frequently injured in cases of risk drinkers and alcohol-dependent drinkers. In contrast, the adjusted RRs of fractures, bruises, and open wounds were 1.76 (95% CI: 1.03~3.02), 1.73 (95% CI: 1.15~2.61), and 1.85 (95% CI: 1.17~2.93) for alcohol-dependent drinkers. Assaults occurred 4.66 times more frequently in alcohol-dependent drinkers. Conclusion: Alcohol-related injuries occur more frequently as the person becomes more dependent on alcohol. Fractures, Bruises, open wounds, and assaults occur more frequently in alcohol-dependent drinker. This study suggests that efforts should be carried out in the ED to screen and treat alcohol-use disorders associated with patients injured after drinking.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the use pattern of alternative therapies in middle aged women. Method: The subjects of this study were 530 women from 40 to 64 years of age. The data of this study was patients' records. The data was gathered from April 1st, 2004 to June 30th, 2004. Data was analyzed statistically by using the SPSS/WIN 10.0 program. Result: It was shown that 63.5% of the subjects have utilized one or more types of alternative therapy. The most common type of alternative therapy was dietary and nutritional therapy 38.3%, and the place of use was the home 64.1%. The most common reason was a recommendation by friends. The degree of satisfaction after the use of alternative therapy was 95.2%. Among users of alternative therapies, the most frequent responses to each question were as follows; Motive of Use- "for health maintenance and promotion." (62.7%) In the relation ship between general characteristics and utilization of alternative therapy, religion(x2=12.33, p=.02), exercise(x2=8.21, p=.004), and health status(x2=14.95, p=.005) showed a significant statistical difference. Conclusion: We found that middle aged women used alternative therapies more frequently than other populations. Therefore, it is suggested that medical doctors or nurses verify the true effects or side-effects from the most therapies or nurses verify the true effects or side-effects from the most common complementary or alternative therapies through experiments.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.175-186
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to give priority in Yin-deficient questionnaire items. if adequate priority is given, clinical judgment and questionnaire of the results is expected to be similar. The AHP is a systematic procedure for analyzing the elements of any problem hierarchically. Based on survey of expertise, as series of pairwise comparison judgements is performed to evaluate the various elements in the hierarchy. We are expected to use the AHP analysis that would apply to oriental doctor's diagnostic process analysis. In this study, korean medical doctors experienced over 5 years was included. Results given the importance to Yin-deficient questionnaire items, Results given the importance to the questionnaire items, the most important item was Irritable fever on the five Hearts, the second was tidal fever.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.267-275
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• 1999

Bovine somatotropin is known to improve the growth rate and lactation in cattle. In this study, we examined the concentration-time profiles of a sustained-release formulation of bovine somatotropin (BST) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in plasma and milk in cows. In addition, the possible effect of co-administrated vitamin ADE complex on the pharmacokinetic parameters of BST and IGF-1 was evaluated. 1. Plasma BST and IGF-1 levels reached the peak at 12~24 and 48 hours after the administration of BST, and plasma half-lives ranged 100 to 137 and 201 to 310 hours, respectively. To 8th day after administration, BST and IGF-1 levels in milk were not significantly different from the control levels. 2. Plasma BST levels showed cyclic pattern with high concentrations in early stage after each injection and following gradual declining during repeated administrations at 2 week intervals, while plasma IGF-1 levels in treated animals did not show such a cyclic pattern, but remained higher than the control levels. 3. Milk BST and IGF-1 levels during repeated treatments were not significantly different from the control levels. 4. Co-administration of vitamin ADE complex yielded slightly increased AUC of plasma BST for high dose group, but such effect was not evident in the IGF-1 levels. Co-administration of ADE complex tended to increase plasma BST levels and decrease the elimination half-life of IGF-1. 5. These results suggest that the BST formulation tested is one of the ideal sustained-release formulation for long term use in dairy industry. As for the co-administration of vitamin ADE complex, the benefit of co-administration with BST is needed to be further evaluated.