• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2001

This study analyzes time variability of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the leaf area index (LAI) and surface temperature (Ts) estimated from AVHRR data collected from across the Korean peninsula from 1981 to 1994. In the present study, LAI defined as vegetation density, as a function of NDVI applied for the vegetation types and Ts defined by the split-window formulation of Becker and Li (1990) with emissivity of a function of NDVI, are used. Results of the inter-annual, intra-annual and intra-seasonal variabilities in Korea show: (1) Inter-annual variability of NDVI is generally larger in the southem and eastern parts of the peninsula than in the western part. This large variability results from the significant mean variation. (2) Inter-annual variability of Ts is larger in the areas of smaller NDVI. This result shows that the NDVI play a small role in emissivity. (3) Inter-annual variability of LAI is larger in the regions of higher elevation and urban areas. Changes in LAI are unlikely to be associated with NDVI changes. (4) Changes in NDVI and Ts are likely dominant in July and are relatively small in spring and fall. (5) Urban effect would be obvious on the time-varying properties of NDVI and Ts in Seoul and the northern part of Taejon, where NDVI decreases and Ts increases with a significant magnitude.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.601-611
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• 2019

As the economy of Korea has developed, dietary patterns have also changed in many ways. Rural areas, in particular, demonstrate relatively lower food accessibility than in urban areas. The aim of this study was to examine whether or not there were differences in food accessibility between urban and rural areas using data of the Census on Basic Characteristics of Establishments, Consumer Behavior Survey for Food, of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Also investigated was how such differences would affect the frequency of food purchase, dietary intake, and nutrition intake by district. The results showed that districts with the lowest 10% in food accessibility had lower frequency of food purchase than did the highest 10% districts. In terms of nutrition intake, the daily average nutrition intake was not significantly different among districts. Yet, analysis of the amount of weekly dietary intake indicated that food oasis districts had from 1.3 to 3 times greater dietary intake than did food desert districts. These findings mean that the difference in food accessibility causes unbalanced food intake. Thus, the government must take a comprehensive approach to ensure that rural residents get greater food accessibility.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 1988

This is a close relationship between energy consumption and the way in which we develop and manage our regions. This study has estimated and compared energy requirements for the journey to work, resulting from alternative population and employment growth patterns in a rural-urban regional settlement of Korea. The broad scope of work was as follows: i) Select the study area ii) Formulate alternative growth patterns iii) Develop the Hansen and double-constrained gravity model iv) Application of Vogel's approximation method and the developed Hansen and gravity model to the case study area. v) Analyze the relationship between spatial structure, transport energy-requirements and environmental pollution. At issue here is the trade-off between air pollution averages and variations. Policies concentrating manufacturing industry and other regional facilities, for instance, may indeed reduce average pollution levels at the benefit of less-car miles, thus, reducing auto pollution, in the region, but increase local pollution peaks.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.283-296
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• 2016

This paper aims to analyze characteristic by the cities focused on the ratio of new apartment resale that is one of the apartment unit sale market, which has been increased recently. To do so, this study examined characteristics of population, housing, residential, and economical with 162 cities and counties and performed multiple regression analysis with dependent variable, ratio of new apartment resale. As a result. the factors affecting the ratio of new apartment resale are 7variables, regional apartment rate, population increasing rate, a mount of sell in lots, housing rent price (Jeonse price) rate compared to average apartment sale price, single-person households increasing rate, apartment subscription rate and number of buyers in the area. Thus, this study showed that the factors affecting characteristic by the regions are ordered characteristics of residential, population and rate of sale and dealing. Based on this result, this study will be basic data for policy of government and development of apartment sales system and for end user to activate resale in apartment sales market.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.1_2
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• pp.183-194
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• 1999

This paper examines the relationship between the locational patterns of global and domestic stores. Objective corporation for this research is the Daiei Inc., which is multinational retail corporation of general merchandise store industry. Used data are For the Customers and 1997 Annual Report published by the Daiei Inc. in 1997, and Worldwide Branch Location of Multinational Companies published by the Gale Researchy Inc. As a result it is recognized that the headquarters of supermarket companies are not necessarily established in the largest city of the store networks. In addition, the chani o stores does not always correspond to the economic territory area of a city or a regional urban system. Usually, supermarkets are established first one after another around the headquarter, so that the store network becomes intensive. Moreover, supermarket companies exhibit a tendence of expanding after having increased density of their stores in their indigenous regions. It seems that supermarket companies try to lay the foundation of their operation firmly on their indigenous regions, while they expand the store network into neighboring regions in order to enlarge their profits. This phenomenon appears more and less partly in the location of oversea purchasing offices. First oversea office location appears in neighboring countries whose headquarter is located in Japan. Another oversea office location is established in higher order city of another continent. Usally after the number of oversea offices increases in their headquarter's neighboring region, the oversea office network exhibits a tendency of expanding in another continents. in addition, network of oversea offices does not always correspond with world urban system. The location of oversea offices is formed, after internalization of supermarket stores was established in Japan. And when increasing rates of supermarket stores was low in Japan, number of oversea offices increased.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.632-645
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• 2014

This paper criticized the recent Korean 'creative economy policies' focused on regional developmental implications. Even though the policies targeted to promote ICT new startups and build virtuous circle of ICT industrial ecosystem in Korea as a whole, the outside regions of the Seoul-Busan industrial axis where the bases of ICT industries are very weak would suffer from systematic exclusion in ICT investments and deepening regional disparities. Second, ICT-centered policies would selectively affect or operate commensurate with the size of regions in this low-growth, after-financial crisis age. Third, the possibilities of regional insularity and lock-in in these low levels of 'related variety' regions would worsen the industrial competitiveness. Lastly, the policies should be reoriented to fortify region-based creative economic ecosystem based upon triple helix learning region.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.396-408
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• 2016

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to determine the relationship between the prevalence of allergic diseases and urinary cadmium concentration among children from six to 12 years of age, and to evaluate the association between cadmium in urine and other immunologically related factors in two elementary schools with different environmental conditions. Methods: Data on physician-diagnosed prevalence over the past 12 months and potential risk factors for allergic disease were collected from survey results drawn from 236 children living in different regions (central urban vs. suburban) from April to July in 2014 by an ISAAC questionnaire. We analyzed cytokine levels in serum through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and urinary cadmium concentration by use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: Concentrations of urinary cadmium in suburban and central urban children were $0.11{\pm}0.11ug/L$, $0.14{\pm}0.17ug/L$, respectively (p>0.05). Results from the analysis of the t-test and chi-square test showed that urinary cadmium levels were positively associated with environmental factors (paternal smoking status, passive smoking, traffic volume and experiences of outdoor odors) and individual genetic factors (parental allergic disease). Cadmium concentrations in urine were also positively associated with the prevalence of allergic disease and immune-related cytokines (eosinophils, IgE, IL-5, IL-33, IL-17). Conclusion: This study suggests that genetic factors (parental history of allergic diseases), environmental factors, and regional status (suburban and central urban) should be considered as probable factors increasing the concentration of urinary cadmium, which has the potential to influence the allergic disease prevalence of school-age children.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.548-561
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• 2015

Atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated dibezo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) were investigated at urban-residential (Group I: Suwon, Guri and Goyang), industrial (Group II: Ansan, Siheung and Bucheon), urban-rural mixed (Group III: Yangju, Pocheon and Dongducheon) and rural regions (Group IV: Yangpyeong) in Gyeonggi-do from February 2012 to November 2012 quarterly. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.018 to $0.109pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group I (mean value: $0.061pgTEQm^{-3}$), 0.059 to $0.367pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group II (mean value: $0.179pgTEQm^{-3}$), 0.072 to $0.836pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group III (mean value: $0.334pgTEQm^{-3}$) and 0.014 to $0.066pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group IV (mean value: $0.034pgTEQm^{-3}$), respectively. In spite of the less PCDD/F emission sources than Group II (industrial regions), the level of PCDD/Fs in urban-rural mixed area showed the highest values with high fluctuation. It's likely that the Group III was affected by fugitive emissions such like biomass burning and unregulated open burning. The mean contribution of particle phase to total PCDD/F concentration was above 83% because most of PCDD/F congeners were partitioned into particle phase. We evaluated their gas-to-particles equilibriums with the regression between the particle-gas partition coefficient, $K_P(m^3{\mu}g^{-1})$ and corresponding subcooled liquid vapor pressure ($P_L$). The logarithm-$K_P$ of PCDD/Fs was poorly correlated with $P_L$ at low ambient temperature (below $10^{\circ}C$) and the slope (m) values for log-log plots of the $K_P$ vs. $P_L$ was steeper in the Group 2 and Group 3 than residential area. It implies that the slope values were likely influenced by both the direct emission source of PCDD/Fs and ambient temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.33-47
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• 2021

In urban declining areas, the population is decreasing, and drying environments such as buildings and facilities are aging. Therefore, it is vulnerable in the event of disaster, and recovery takes a lot of time and money. The purpose of this study is to develop an evaluation technique for comprehensively diagnosing disasters in declining areas and to present implications through case analysis. Evaluation indicators were selected to calculate the comprehensive diagnosis index of disasters, and weights were calculated for each class, including disaster types, components, and evaluation indicators, through Analytic Hierarchy Process analysis. The comprehensive diagnoses index for each type of disaster was calculated with the calculated weight, and the risk according to the level of urban decline was analyzed. As a result of analyzing Seoul as a case area, it was analyzed that the overall risk of disasters was high in southern regions such as Seocho-gu, Dongjak-gu, Geumcheon-gu, and Gangseo-gu, and relatively low in downtown and northern Seoul, parks and green areas. The results of this study are of academic significance in that they presented a comprehensive diagnostic index evaluation system and technique for each type of disaster, including natural and social disasters.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.89-113
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• 2023

This study aimed to identify heat wave vulnerable areas and discuss spatial typology and policy directions through spatial coincidence analysis of heat wave damage. By utilizing the climate change vulnerability assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Spatial Statistics Comparison Analysis, this study examined cities, counties, and districts in South Korea for five years (2015-2019), including 2018, when the heat wave was most extreme. It was determined that the number of heat wave days (exposure) was the most impactful among various factors for heat wave vulnerability. Sensitivity and adaptive capacity to heat waves were found to vary according to regional characteristics. The relationship between heat wave vulnerability and damage was categorized into four types through spatial coherence. Hot to Hot and Cold to Cold types have a positive relationship between vulnerability and damage, while Hot to Cold and Cold to Hot types have a negative relationship. The findings suggest that since different types of regions have distinct characteristics and conditions, policies and research for improvement should be directed to address each region separately. This study may be used as basic data for establishing heat-related policies in the future, as it categorizes regions by considering both heat vulnerability and damage and examines the direction of response by type.