• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 2009

With the introduction of a new parameter $n{\geq}1$, Kim generalized an upper bound for the exponential function that implies the inequality between the arithmetic and geometric means. By a change of variable, this generalization is equivalent to exp $(\frac{n(x-1)}{n+x-1})\;\leq\;\frac{n-1+x^n}{n}$ for real ${n}\;{\geq}\;1$ and x > 0. In this paper, we show that this inequality is true for real x > 1 - n provided that n is an even integer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.125-131
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The objective of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of mental practice on function and muscle activation of upper extremity (UE) in stroke patients. METHODS: The mental practice was conducted on 12 subjects for 10 minutes and the related existing work treatment for 20 minutes. The evaluation for the function of UE proceeded with Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor function (FMA) and muscle activity analysis instrument. Furthermore we analyzed patients' reaching activity by two stages, reaching phase and returning to original position phase. RESULTS: According to the research results, the subjects' upper limb function improved in all of the measured items and the total scores after the mental practice (p<.05). In muscle activity, CCR value was used to efficiently analyze the patients' reaching activity in the two stages of reaching stage and returning to the original position phase. While the elbow movement only had a bit of positive change (1.1%) in the reaching stage, both the shoulder (-12.3%) and elbow (-18.2%) movements had a positive change in the returning to original position phase. CONCLUSION: This research confirmed that the mental practice is effective for the enhancement of UE function for stroke patients. The result of this research can contribute to the progress of mental practice in clinical environment.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.170-173
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• 2014

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in conjunction with task oriented training, on cortical excitability and upper extremity function recovery in stroke patients. This study was conducted with 31 subjects who were diagnosed as a hemiparesis by stroke. Participants in the experimental (16 members) and control groups (15 members) received rTMS and sham rTMS, respectively, during a 10 minutes session, five days per week for four weeks, followed by task oriented training during a 30 minutes session, five days per week for four weeks. Motor cortex excitability was performed by motor evoked potential and upper limb function was evaluated by motor function test. Both groups showed a significant increment in motor function test and amplitude, latency in motor evoked potential compared to pre-intervention (p < 0.05). A significant difference in post-training gains for the motor function test, amplitude in motor evoked potential was observed between the experimental group and the control group (p < 0.05). The findings of the current study demonstrated that incorporating rTMS in task oriented training may be beneficial in improving the effects of stroke on upper extremity function recovery.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2014

Recent years, mirror therapy or mirror neuron therapy has been used to improve neural damage of upper extremities among stroke patients. This systematic review was conducted to assess the clinical effect of mirror therapy used for the treatment of upper extremities for patients with stroke. After literature search, researchers selected for 9 randomized controlled clinical trial studies registered up to October 2013 based on PubMed database, using the following search terms: mirror therapy, mirror neuron, stroke, paresis, hemiplegia, upper extremity. There were significant improves of distal upper extremity function in the use of mirror therapy groups but the research using range of motion(ROM) as outcome measure. In conclusion, mirror therapy was more effective than conventional therapies or sham therapies for upper recovery of distal upper extremity function among stroke patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.367-384
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• 2002

Cerebral palsy refers to the neuromuscular deficit caused by nonprogressive defect or lesion in single or multiple locations in the immature brain resulting in Impaired motor function and sensory integrity. The pathophysiological events may occur during the prenatal intrapartum, perinatal, or early postnatal period. Cerebral palsy is the most common condition and it poses a challenge to practitioners due to the large variation in prognosis for motor function of children with this diagnosis. The objectives of this article are review to pathological and psychological factors of cerebral palsy and upper extremity function. Upper extremity and hand function are most important in activity of daily living in cerebral palsy This article hope to give the information for application in many therapists.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.35-40
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• 2012

The purpose of this review was to investigate feasibility of intensive virtual reality training to improve upper extremity function with brain plasticity of individuals with stroke through the literature. The recovery of the paretic upper extremity depends on regularity and intensity of training as use-dependent plasticity. In resent, virtual reality program has been widely used in the occupational therapy field of augmented stroke rehabilitation. There is a growing body of evidence that virtual reality training of the paretic extremity induces brain plasticity associated with motor improvement. In terms of therapeutic feasibility to improve paretic upper extremity, recent research has explored several important factors of virtual reality training for recovery of upper extremity motor function. These factors include high repetition intensity, high motivation like type of game, enhanced multisensory feedback regarding performance, and interactive task-oriented training. Therefore, occupational therapy combined with intensive and repetitive virtual reality training will enhance recovery of upper extremity motor function after stroke.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.41-51
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• 2016

PURPOSE : The purpose of this study was to identify whether 3D motion input device based mirror therapy could improve on upper extremity function, quality of life and depression in chronic stroke patients METHOD : Thirty six patients with chronic stroke were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups: 3D leapmotion mirror therapy group, mirror therapy group, and sham therapy group. 3D leapmotion mirror therapy group performed 3D motion input device based mirror therapy, mirror therapy group performed general mirror therapy, control group performed sham therapy. All patients received a total of 15 exercise session over a 5 week period (three times per week). Fugl-Meyer Assessment-upper extremity(FMA-UE), Stroke Specific-Quality of Life(SS-QOL), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) were performed prior to and five weeks after the treatment RESULT : Subjects in the 3D leapmotion mirror therapy group showed significant improvements in upper extremity function, quality of life and depression following training. The changes of upper extremity function, quality of life and depression in the 3D leapmotion mirror therapy group were significantly more than them of the control group. CONCLUSION : The result of this study suggest that 3D motion input device based mirror therapy is an intervention to improve on upper extremity function, quality of life and depression in chronic stroke patients.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2023

Purpose : In this study, we aimed to determine how frequencies different of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to the less affected contalesional corticomotor area affect upper extremity motor function in patients with acute stroke within 3 months of onset. By doing so, we aimed to propose a new method of rTMS intervention based on the degree of damage and recovery status of the patient, rather than the generalized rTMS intervention that has been used uniformly. Methods : The rTMS intervention was applied on the contralesional side of the cerebral hemisphere damage. 15 subjects in the HF-rTMS group, 12 subjects in the LF-rTMS group, and 14 subjects in the SF-rTMS group were randomized to receive the rTMS intervention in each group for a total of 10 sessions on five consecutive weekdays for two weeks, and underwent FMA-U to determine changes in upper extremity function following the intervention in each group. FMA-U was performed within 24 hours before and after the rTMS intervention. Results : When the FMA-U was performed to determine the pre- and post-intervention changes in upper extremity motor function within the groups, no statistically significant differences were found in the SF-rTMS group before and after the intervention, but significant statistical differences were found in the HF-rTMS group (p=.006) and the LF-rTMS group (p=.020), with greater significance in the HF-rTMS group than the LF-rTMS group. Conclusion : This study confirmed that compensatory action by activating the less affected contralesional corticomotor area based on the bimodal balance-recovery model can support upper extremity recovery patients with acute stroke within 3 months of onset, depending on the degree of damage level and recovery status. Therefore, the results of the contralesional HF-rTMS application in this study may provide a basis for proposing a new rTMS intervention for upper extremity recovery in stroke patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.257-266
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• 2011

Purpose : To assess the relationship between post-stroke shoulder pain, motor function, and pain-related quality of life(QOL) Methods : Volunteer sample of 62 chronic stroke survivors with post-stroke shoulder pain and glenohumeral subluxation. The patients answered the question in shoulder pain with the Brief Pain Inventory question 12 (BP1-12), Pain-related Quality of life(BPI-23). Therapists measured the performance of combined upper-limb movement including the hand-behind-neck(HBN), hand-behind-beck(HBB) maneuver, added passive pain-free shoulder external rotation range of motion, and Modified Ashworth Scale(MAS) score of the elbow flexors. Physical performance assessments were used to measure basic activity daily living(Modified Barthel Index-self care, MBI-S/C), motor function of upper limb(Fugl-Meyer Upper/Lower Extremity, FM-U/E). Results : Stepwise regression analyses indicated that post-stroke shoulder pain is associated with the BPI 23, but not with the FM-U/E, MBI-S/C. Thus, the presence of shoulder pain is more important predicting pain-related QOL than its degree in predicting motor function of upper limb and basic activity daily living. Conclusion : Post-stroke shoulder pain was associated with reduced quality of life related to pain. The pain was not associated with the motor function of upper limb and basic activity daily living. The result imply that management of shoulder pain & anatomical position of shoulder joint after stroke should be emphasized. This provides a further incentive to develop effective rehabilitation prevention and treatment strategies for post-stroke shoulder pain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of mirror movements(MM) on upper extremity's function and measure the change of MM on stroke patients depending on the elapse of time. Methods : Sixteen stroke patients with MM and Sixteen stroke patients without MM were recruited for this study. Intended movements and MM were measured by two dynanometers of MP150 system(BIOPAC System Inc., Santa Barbara, U.S.A). The upper extremity's motor function was measured using manual function test(MFT), Fugl-Meyer assesment(FMA). Results : The change rates of upper extremity's motor function test showed significant group differences in FMA but not in MFT between the patients with MM and without MM from the first test to the second test. In each group motor function generally more increased. The magnitudes of MM decreased from the first test to the second test. Conclusion : These results indicate that stroke patients with MM have a significant motor deficit. But motor deficit could be recovered by spontaneous recovery or treatments and a clinical sign of MM was improved. In the future, we suggest that studies of assessments of MM after rehabilitation and treatment interventions of MM on stroke patients.