Kim, Ju-Yong;Kim, Jin-Dong;Lee, Young-Do;Kim, Gwang-Hee
Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
/
v.22
no.6
/
pp.531-542
/
2022
As buildings become taller, the strength of structural materials must increase and the amount of rebar reinforcement also increases while the application of an appropriate rebar splice method in the construction process become one of the essential factors. In this research, the current status of quality check for rebar coupler is identified by an expert questionnaire and an appropriate quality check method is proposed through a quality test on specimens similar to actual on-site construction. In the test results, it was revealed that, among the quality check methods for rebar coupler joints, the coupler tightening method and face to face degree of between upper and lower rebar did not affect the strength the specimen. Therefore, it is considered to be an appropriate way to check the coupler quality check to check whether the threads are completely assembled during on-site construction through manufacture the number of threads of rebar and coupler with a margin beyond the calculated thread number.
Geosynthetics reinforced soil (GRS) walls with a flexible wall face allow deformation. GRS walls constructed on the weak ground change in both horizontal earth pressures on wall faces and the tensile stress of geosynthetics, affecting the backfill in time until the deformation of the backfill and the foundation is completed. However, there are few studies that were done to measure and analyze the horizontal earth pressures and geosynthetics deformation on GRS walls constructed on the soft ground for a long period of time. Two field GRS walls in this study are constructed on a shallow layer of a weak foundation to measure and analyze geostynthetics deformation, horizontal earth pressures, and pore water pressures for the duration of approximately 16 months. Strain gauges are used to measure geosynthetics deformation; this study specifically suggests a new method of measuring nonwoven geotextile using strain gauges. Most geosynthetics deformation occurred within a month after the construction of GRS walls. The maximum deformation measured for approximately 16 months appeared as follows: nowoven geotextile: 6.05%, woven geotextile: 2.92%, and geogrid: 2.33%. Pore water pressures on the GRS wall can be ignored; however, horizontal earth pressures on the bottom and the upper part of the wall face appear larger than earth pressures at rest.
The aim of this study was to determine firstly the characteristics of esthetic lips in Korean females and secondly to measure the changes of the lips before and after anterior segmental osteotomy in bimaxillary protruded patients. Methods: Samples consisted of 30 models and 26 nonmodels, and 10 patients who had received anterior segmental osteotomy. Twelve linear measurements, 5 angular measurements, and the lip perimeter and area were measured. These results were compared for each group using unpaired and paired t-tests. Results: Full face width, nose to chin, upper vermilion height and angle, lateral heights at the point of the tips of Cupid's bow, central bow angle, and the lower lip to chin lengths were significantly greater in nonmodels than in models. However, overall lip width, lower vermilion height and angle, tip-to-tip of Cupid's bow lip perimeter, and lower vermilion area were greater in models than in nonmodels. Comparison of before and after anterior segmental osteotomy revealed that the values for the upper vermilion and lateral heights, the angle to Cupid's bow tip lengths, and upper vermilion area of post-operative patients had become similar to those of Korean female models. Our findings demonstrated that Korean female models have a fuller lower vermilion & thinner upper vermilion compared with nonmodel controls, as determined by the vermilion heights, angles, and areas. Conclusions: It will be helpful for clinicians to use these measurements as guidelines for improving patients' facial esthetics.
1. Background and Purpose The faces of human being change as they grow older. We could know the characters of the each ages, through the facial comparison between the 30's, 40's and the 50's, 60's. As a conclusion, I carried out this Study because I thought that the errors of diagnosis would be reduced a lot through the standardization researches about the morphology of faces. 2. Objectives The object of this study is selected from the patients who were already diagnosed Sasang Constitutions at the department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine in Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center. The number of the patients were 69 men in 30's and 40's, and 74 men in 50's and 60's. 3. Method I took the photographs of front view and lateral view of the objectives by digital camera and obtained the 200 measure through the facial measurement program. I compared the measure of 50's and 60's with 30's and 40's by independant t-test. 4. Results 28 measures are different 30's and 40's with 50's and 60's in Soyangin, 31 measures in Soeumin, 40 measures in Taeumin. 5. Conclusion (1) Soyangin showed wider interpupillary distance in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. They also showed the large brow and cheek and their lips were thick and prominent and their ophyrion were prominent and their noses were wide and large and they showed wide bigonial breadth in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. (2) Soeumin showed the position of ears were higher and the brows were longer and larger in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. The width of both eyebrow were wider in 50's and 60's than 30's and 40's. The lower 2/3 portion of the face was longer and the shape of head was longer in vertical in 50's and 60's than 30's and 40's. (3) Taeumin showed the wider brow in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. The width of each eyes was wider and the width of cheek and face was larger, too. The ophyrion was prominent and the mouth was bigger and the face showed longer in 50's and 60's than 30's and 40's. (4) The upper 1/3 portion of the face was large in 30's and 40's and the lower 2/3 portion of the face showed large and long in 50's and 60's regardless Constitution.
This study was conducted to investigate the changes in the structural parts of the craniofacial skeleton subsequent to chincap therapy in the juvenile skeletal Class III patients. The subject consisted of 29 Korean children(14 males, 15 females) who had skeletal Class III malocclusion and were undergone chincap therapy from the beginning of the treatment (and an auxilliary upper removable appliance, if necessary). The control group was composed of 21 children(10 males, 11 females) with skeletal Class III malocclusion who had no orthodontic treatment. Cephalometric data at the mean age of 7 and 2 years later were analyized by finite element method, and compared between groups by independent group t-test(p<0.05). The results of the present study were as follows; 1. There were no significant changes in the cranial base, posterior face, upper anterior face, ramus, chin and soft tissues by the chincap therapy. 2. The mandibular body showed significant differences in the minimum extention ratio and the overall shape ratio. This means that the vertical direction of growth was retarded by the chincap therapy. 3. The major direction of the growth in the maxillary basal bone was significantly more horizontal in the experimental group, which suggests that the vertical growth of maxilla was inhibited. 4. There was statistical difference in the major direction of the growth of the anterior face between groups. This may be due to the significant difference in the major direction of growth of the lower anterior face, supposed to be resulted from the mandibular rotation and/or displacement by the chincap therapy. The change in the oral functional space seemed to be caused by the same reason. 5. From the standpoint of these results, the retardation of growth, the changes of the growth direction and the morphological changes could be accepted partly, but the major effect of the chincap seems to be the rotation and the displacement of the mandible.
Orthodontic treatment of cleft patients is difficult as the growth is different from that of normal ones. So it is very important to know the characteristic features of the craniofacial morphology and growth pattern in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. The materials for this study consisted of 55 normal males and 50 unilateral cleft lip and palate ones who received cheiloplasty and palatoplasty previously. The cleft subjects were divided into 4 groups according to their ages kto find out the growth pattern of hard and soft tissue, and to compare the features with those of normal ones. Each cephalogram analysed by McNamara method and others. The obtained results were as follows 1. In the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects, forward growth of the maxilla was smaller than that of normal ones from 9 years old. So the maxilla was retruded. The maxillary incisors were severely retruded in all age groups. 2. The mandibular overall length and its anteroposterior position did not show any significant differences between two groups. But the height of ramus was very short and the mandible had vertical growth tendency to compensate for undergrowth of the maxilla in cleft subjects after 12 years of age. 3. Horizontal growth of the soft tissue in middle face was smaller than that of any other facial region from 9 years old. The vertical growth rate of upper lip was decreased as growing old. 4. In cleft subjects, the upper and lower facial component angle and the facial convexity angle were large. So their facial profile changed to straight or concave as growing old.
The primary objective of this study was to define the differences that exist. between different sexes on the dentoskeletal framework and the soft tissue profile around the mouth. For the purpose of this study, cephalometric radiographs were obtained from the centric occlusion with closed lip position, through the research on each 42 males and females aged from 17 to 22 years with normal occlusion and acceptable facial appearence. The results were as follows: 1. Maxillary to mandibular relationships. Among the angles formed by the long axis of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, the maxillary and mandibular anterior alveolar bone, and the lower and upper lips (Fig.2), only the angle formed by the lips was more acute in males than in females. The males have a more rounded profile, and the females have a flatter profile in the lower third of the face. The differences is statistically significant for the angle formed by the lips. The fact that the lips have a difference greater than that of teeth or the alveolar bone indicates that the lip position is not entirely due to tooth and bony support. Possibly the thickness of the lips has an influence. 2. Occlusal plane. The occlusal plane was related to the anterior tooth inclination, anterior alveolar bone profile, and the lip contour, both maxillary and mandibular (Fig.3). Only the angle related to lower lip was statistically significant. The females again had the more obtuse angle, indicating a flatter profile than that of the males. 3.Skeletal planes. The angles formed by the anterior maxillary lips, teeth, and alveolar bone with the Frankfort plane and the angles of the mandibular lips, teeth, and, alveolar bone and the mandibular plane were investigated (Fig.4). Results were similar to those from maxillary to mandibular relationships. The results were statistically significant for the upper lip and the lower lip, only. 4. Esthetics. The facial line and the mandibular plane were compared with the esthetic line. These angles were different for the different sexes, but only the latter was statistically significant. This difference may be due to the profile contour of the nose.
Backgrounds: Cervical epidural nerve block is useful in the management of a variety of acute, chronic and cancer related pain syndromes involving the head, face, neck and upper extrimity. To safely perfom the cervical epidural block, an appreciation of the expected distance from skin to epidural space is important. We studied the distance from skin to cervical epidural space of adults to determine if any relationship exists between patient height, weight and neck circumference and the distance from skin to epidural space. Methods: Patients 170, suffering from neck and upper extremity pain with cervical HIVD(herniated intervertebral dics) were selected. Cervical epidural block was performed at $C_{6\sim7}$ or $C_{7-}T_1$ intervertebral space. Then measured the distance from skin to epidural space and analysed the relationship between age, height, weight and neck circumference and the distance from skin to epidural space. Results: The cervical epidural depth of male $C_{6\sim7}$, male $C_{7-}T_1$, female $C_{6\sim7}$ and female $C_{7-}T_1$ groups were $5.17{\pm}0.63$, $5.47{\pm}0.59$, $4.84{\pm}0.56$ and $5.01{\pm}0.60$ cm respectively. Cervical epidural depth significantly correlated with body weight, ponderal index and neck circumference. Conclusions: The distance from skin to cervical epidural space has significant relationships with weight, ponderal index and neck circumference. Although experience is important, patient's weight and neck circumference are indicating factor, of the cervical epidural depth.
After successful advent of Microsoft's Kinect, many interactive contents that control user's 3D avatar motions in realtime have been created. However, due to the Kinect's intrinsic IR projection problem, users are restricted to face the sensor directly forward and to perform all motions in a standing-still position. These constraints are main reasons that make it almost impossible for the 3D character to navigate the virtual environment, which is one of the most required functionalities in games. This paper proposes a new method that makes 3D character navigate the virtual environment with highly realistic motions. First, in order to find out the user's intention of navigating the virtual environment, the method recognizes walking-in-place motion. Second, the algorithm applies the motion splicing technique which segments the upper and the lower motions of character automatically and then switches the lower motion with pre-processed motion capture data naturally. Since the proposed algorithm can synthesize realistic lower-body walking motion while using motion capture data as well as capturing upper body motion on-line puppetry manner, it allows the 3D character to navigate the virtual environment realistically.
Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
/
v.26
no.6
/
pp.606-612
/
2000
This study was performed to investigate the average anthropometric value of normal Korean men and women and to compare the preceding literatures. Additionally, average Korean profilogram was made to serve as a template for diagnosis of facial form. Eighty five Korean subjects(41 men, 44 women) aged between 21 to 26 were selected by members of the author's department on the basis of intact dentition and Class I occlusion without facial asymmetry. Frontal and lateral photographs were taken under standardized condition with digital camera. The image was magnified and adjusted according to the FH plane of cephalometric radiographs and digitized using personal computer. To compare the Western beauty, 25 esthetically pleasing female was selected to measure various angle and distance of the face. 1. It was possible to calculate the mean coordinate value of Korean normal samples which enables the direct visualization and comparison with the use of template. The method in this study was easy to applicate under the Microsoft $Windows^{(R)}$ bases. 2. Maxillary vertical hypoplasia, upper and lower lip protrusion was characteristics of Korean norms and relatively narrow alar base distance, less conspicuous nasal projection was observed. As the vermilion exposure and upper lip length was more than western norm, chin looks shorter than western. To compare the Korean and Western esthetically pleasing profile, facial convexity and nose was less conspicuous in Korean women.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.