• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between salivary flow, salivary buffer capacity, level of mutans streptococci and dental caries experience in Korean dental college students. A total of 81 students of the school of dentistry, Chonbuk national university, mean age of 26.1 years, were subjected to oral examination to establish the DMFT and DMFS according to WHO guidelines. Saliva samples from the students were collected for quantitating stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate. Buffering capacity was estimated using a commercial colorimetric strip test, and number of mutans streptococci was determined from stimulated saliva using a strip mutans test. The means of DMFT and DMFS were 6.57 and 12.65, respectively. The stimulated salivary flow rate was correlated with DMFT(${\acute{o}}\;=\;-0.219$) and high levels of salivary mutans streptococci were significantly correlated with higher DMFT and DMFS scores(P<0.05). Level of mutans streptococci was significantly correlated with dental caries experience, in both DMFT and DMFS score, and buffering capacity was inversely correlated to DMFT score. However, unstimulated salivary flow rate was not correlated with caries experience.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2015

Purpose: Pilocarpine has the effects on improvement of salivary flow and subjective symptoms for xerostomic patients. Because of unwanted side effects following its systemic administration, topical pilocarpine has been paid attention as an alternative. This study aimed to investigate effects of pilocarpine solution as mouthwash on salivary flow and adverse effects compared to systemic administration of 5 mg pilocarpine tablet in healthy subjects. Methods: The study was a double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Five milligrams pilocarpine tablets, 4 mL of 2% pilocarpine solution and placebo solution were given to 12 healthy volunteers (6 males and 6 females) in a predetermined order with wash-out period of at least two days and unstimulated whole saliva was collected before and after administration of each drug. Blood pressure and pulse rate was also measured and subjective effect and potential side effects were evaluated by a self-administrated questionnaire. Results: Systemic (5 mg tablet) and topical (2% solution) use of pilocarpine significantly increased salivary flow rate in healthy subjects compared to placebo (p<0.001). In both the pilocarpine solution and tablet groups, salivary flow rates at 120 minutes after administration remained increased. Subjective effect on salivation was the largest in the pilocarpine tablet group, followed by the pilocarpine solution group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood pressure and pulse rate after administration of all three drugs. Fewer side effects reported in the pilocarpine solution group than in the tablet group. Conclusions: Two percents pilocarpine solution as mouthwash increases salivary flow rate, definitely superior to placebo solution and comparable to pilocarpine tablet, with fewer side effects in healthy subjects. It indicates a possibility of pilocarpine solution as a useful alternative of pilocarpine tablets for the xerostomic patients with systemic diseases.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1976

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of multibanded orthodontic appliances on dental caries activity. The subjects consisted of 50 males and females with multibanded orthodontic appliance and the same number of caries free group. The following conclusions were obtained, 1. There was significant difference between the experimental group and control group in the tests of Snyder colorimetric test, acid :buffering capacity and oral glucose clearance test (at $5\%$ level of significance). 2. There was no significant difference between the experimental group and control group in the tests of unstimulated salivary flow fate, stimulated salivary flow rate and salivary viscosity test (at $5\%$ level of significance). 3. Dental caries activity was higher in experimental group than in control group.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.131-135
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• 2021

Purpose: Depression is a condition that weakens psychosocial functioning and reduces quality of life. In Korea, the prevalence of depression among the elderly is 29.2% and depression is a considerable public health concern for the elderly. Depression has a statistically significant relationship with oral conditions such as number of teeth and salivary flow rate. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) is the concept including subjective evaluations of psychological, physical and social aspects of oral health. Tooth loss and hyposalivation can affect mental health and quality of life. Our study was designed to identify the relationship among the number of teeth, salivation, OHRQoL, and depressive symptoms in the elderly in Korea. Methods: We recruited 100 participants, aged over 65 years, and assessed their number of teeth, unstimulated salivary flow rate. All participants filled out oral health impact profile 14 (OHIP-14) and Zung self-rating depression score (SDS) for checking OHRQoL and depressive symptoms. Statistical analysis was done by R program. Results: We found that the positive relationship between OHIP-14 and SDS after Mann-Whitney test (p=0.03). The lower SDS group had an OHIP-14 median score of 4. On the other hand, the higher SDS group had a median value of 7.5. The other factors (number of teeth and salivary flow rate) did not show correlations with OHIP-14 or SDS. Conclusions: OHRQoL and depressive symptoms have significant correlation.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-62
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• 2023

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the objective cutoff values of unstimulated flow rates (UFR) and stimulated salivary flow rates (SFR) in patients with xerostomia and to present an optimal machine learning model with a classification and regression tree (CART) for all ages. Materials and Methods: A total of 829 patients with oral diseases were enrolled (591 females; mean age, 59.29±16.40 years; 8~95 years old), 199 patients with xerostomia and 630 patients without xerostomia. Salivary and clinical characteristics were collected and analyzed. Result: Patients with xerostomia had significantly lower levels of UFR (0.29±0.22 vs. 0.41±0.24 ml/min) and SFR (1.12±0.55 vs. 1.39±0.94 ml/min) (P<0.001), respectively, compared to those with non-xerostomia. The presence of xerostomia had a significantly negative correlation with UFR (r=-0.603, P=0.002) and SFR (r=-0.301, P=0.017). In the diagnosis of xerostomia based on the CART algorithm, the presence of stomatitis, candidiasis, halitosis, psychiatric disorder, and hyperlipidemia were significant predictors for xerostomia, and the cutoff ranges for xerostomia for UFR and SFR were 0.03~0.18 ml/min and 0.85~1.6 ml/min, respectively. Conclusion: Xerostomia was correlated with decreases in UFR and SFR, and their cutoff values varied depending on the patient's underlying oral and systemic conditions.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.630-638
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of galvanic current between different metallic restorations on human saliva. The rate of salivary flow and concentrations of IgG, IgM, sIgA and lactoferrin were measured. In this study, unstimulated whole saliva collected before restoration was regarded as control group and unstimulated whole saliva collected 10 minutes, 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after restoration were regarded as experimental groups. Following results were obtained from this study. 1. There were some differences in values of salivary flow rate between experimental groups, but the changes in values compared to those of the control group were not statistically significant(P>0.05). 2. Measurements of major antibacterial components of saliva showed that while the concentrations of IgG and IgM decreased significantly 1 week and 1 month after restoration(P<0.05), changes in values of sIgA and lactoferrin were not statistically significant(P>0.05). 3. In vitro measurements of galvanic currents decreased sharply in the first 20 seconds and thereafter decreased gradually. Galvanic current values measured in the early stages were greatly varied, but after 2 hours, the values in all groups approximated each other.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.473-486
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the clinical characteristics and usefulness of comprehensive diagnosis of Yin-deficiency and heart rate variability in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Methods : We surveyed 30 burning mouth syndrome patients visiting the Oral Diseases Clinic of Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine Hospital from April to September of 2011. The subjects were evaluated on self-assessed severity of burning mouth syndrome and xerostomia using visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Yin-deficiency condition (based on the 10-item Yin-deficiency questionnaire). Salivary function was measured by the unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR), and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were recorded by SA-2000E (Medicore Co., Ltd., Korea). Results : There were substantial significant positive correlations between burning sensation VAS scores in mouth and Yin-deficiency scores. There was significant negative correlation between xerostomia VAS score and USFR. Compared to the normal range of total power (TP) in HRV parameters, the burning mouth syndrome patients showed significant lower values of TP. Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that comprehensive diagnosis of Yin-deficiecny and HRV parameters are useful in diagnosing of burning mouth syndrome patients. Therefore, we assume that improvement of Yin-deficiency condition can be a potentially effective way to treat burning mouth syndrome.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to analyze the factors related to whole saliva flow and the xerostomia for the ground use of the materials in developing oral health improvement program and life quality improvement program. So, this study performed a questionnaire survey, targeting at 160 adults, older than 40 years, living in Gyeonggi and Incheon provinces from January to February 2011 and measured unstimulated salivary flow rate and stimulated salivary flow rate. The results are as followings. The group of participants who took gums and candies to relieve oral dryness had low stimulated whole saliva flow. The group of participants who graduated from middle schools, who separated by death, who were not healthy with menopause, and who recognized periodontal disease symptoms and tongue burning sensation recognized more symptoms of dry mouth than others. In addition, the group of participants who were not satisfied with life so much, who couldn't feel the meaning of life, and who recognized negative feelings frequently recognized symptoms of dry mouth more. Women, the group of participants who graduated from middle schools, who suffered from depressive symptoms, and who recognized halitosis had low unstimulated whole saliva flow. The group of participants who graduated from middle schools, who were not satisfied with life so much, who couldn't feel the meaning of life, and who were not satisfied with themselves had low stimulated saliva flow.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.537-545
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• 2016

This research examined the oral environmental factors to identify the risk factors for oral bacteria detection. This study comprised of 60 office workers aged between 20 and 65 years, and was performed from January 15 to February 28, 2015. The study variables measured were the stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rates, salivary buffering, saliva pH, dry mouth at the dorsum of the tongue and the sublingual region, halitosis, and the degree of tongue-coating as oral environmental factors. To identify the presence of oral bacteria, pathogens were detected by extracting the gDNA of the resting salivary flow rate. The risk of S.mutans detection was 15 times higher with smokers, 1.3~1.6 times higher when the resting or stimulated salivary flow rate was reduced by 1 mm. The risk of P.intermedia detection was 13 times higher in smokers, 4.3 times higher as the severity of oral dryness was lowered, and 4 times higher for adults with a tongue coating than those without. In addition, the risk of detecting TM7 was 5.5 times higher as sublingual dryness was decreased by 1mm. The oral bacterial count will be reduced considerably by smoking cessation education and habits that facilitate a salivary flow rate. Furthermore, adults with good and well-managed dental hygiene are anticipated to have less oral bacteria and fewer dental diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.13-24
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• 2013

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the availability of diagnosis of Yin-deficiency in the elderly with xerostomia and factors influencing subjective oral dryness. Methods: We surveyed 50 patients recruited by the clinical trial, 'Efficacy of Yukmijihwang-tang on Xerostomia in the Elderly: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Two-center Trial'. The subjects were assessed on their subjective oral dryness using the Dry Mouth Symptom Questionnaire (DMSQ). Their salivary functions were measured by Unstimulated Salivary Flow Rate (USFR) measurements. In addition, the subjects were evaluated on their Qi-stagnation and Yin-deficiency conditions using the Qi-stagnation questionnaire and Yin-deficiency questionnaire. Results: There were statistically significant correlations between three variables (USFR, DMSQ score and Qi-stagnation score) and Yin-deficiency score. In the multiple regression analysis, the regression model was statistically significant (F = 10.273, p < .001). The factor most strongly influencing the subjective oral dryness was USFR (${\beta}$ = -0.386). Yin-deficiency had the next strongest impact on the subjective oral dryness (${\beta}$ = 0.371). Qi-stagnation affected the subjective oral dryness weakly (${\beta}$ = 0.075). In the simple regression analysis, Yin-deficiency had a statistically significant effect on each of six subscales of DMSQ (p < .01). Among the six subscales, DMSQ-1 ('Oral dryness at night or on awakening') was the most strongly influenced by Yin-deficiency. Conclusions: The results of this study show that the diagnosis of Yin-deficiency in the elderly with xerostomia was available and Yin-deficiency was an important factor influencing the subjective oral dryness. Therefore, the consideration of Yin-deficiency is significant for diagnosis and treatment in the elderly with xerostomia.