• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

In this paper, $CO_2$ amount is evaluated considering repairing timing and unit $CO_2$ amount per repair method including various stage of material manufacturing, moving, and construction. Four mix proportions with mineral admixture are considered and repairing timing/numbers are simulated based on the results from Life 365 which can handle chloride penetration. Furthermore two repair methods (simple cover concrete replacement and replacement with electro-chemical method for removing chloride content) are considered and the related $CO_2$ emissions are evaluated. From the study, the case with high W/B (water to binder ratio) ratio shows smaller $CO_2$ emission in construction stage but it increases more rapidly with increasing number of repair. $CO_2$ emission considering electro-chemical method greatly increases with the increasing unit $CO_2$ for the repairing method. The numbers of jumping step (repairing number) are evaluated to be 9 for WB37-OPC, 18 for WB50-OPC, 4 for WB40-SG, and 7 for WB47-SG respectively. RC structures with the longer maintenance free period are evaluated to be advantageous for saving $CO_2$ emission.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.724-731
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• 1990

The fermentation process of Andong Sickhae including optimal composition of the product was investigated. Through sensory evaluation and ingredient analysis of ten samples prepared in the laboratory and the samples collected from Andong region, we found that the ratio of ingredient of the product by weigh are as follow : [glutinous rice(80) : malt(50) : radish(100) : water(500) : ginger(8) : red pepper(4)]. The level of nitrogen compound turned out to be low while that of soluble protein and salt soluble protein was high. The content of total sugar and reducing sugar was found to be considerable high and among the free sugar, maltose was the highest(80%), followed by glucose and maltotriose. Activities of acid protease and saccharogenic amylase were 1.55 unit per milliliter and $12.5D^{40}_{30}^{\circ}$ respectively. Results of sensory evaluation showed that the good Andong Sickhae turned out to have well harmonized taste of flavor, sweetness and sourness while the color looked slightly red.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this experiment was to illuminate the relationship between the phosphorus removal rate of unit operation and the phosphorus removal rate of phosphorus volume loading in the Ferrous Nutrient Removal process, which consists of an anoxic basin, oxic basin, and iron precipitation apparatus. Methods: This study was conducted in order to improve the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in domestic wastewater using the FNR (Ferrous Nutrient Removal) process which features an iron precipitation reactor in anoxic and oxic basins. The average concentration of TN and TP was analyzed in a pilot plant ($50m^3/day$). Results: The removal rate of T-N and T-P were 66.5% and 92.8%, respectively. The $NH_3-N$ concentration of effluent was 2.62 mg/l with nitrification in the oxic basin even though the influent was 17.7 mg/l. The $NO_3$-N concentration of effluent was 5.83 mg/l through nitrification in oxic basin even though the influent and anoxic basin were 0.82 mg/l and 1.00 mg/l, respectively. The specific nitrification of the oxic basin ($mg.NH_3$-Nremoved/gMLVSSd) was 16.5 and specific de-nitrification ($mg.NO_3$-Nremoved/gMLVSSd) was 90.8. The T-P removal rate was higher in the oxic basin as T-P of influent was consumed at a rate of 56.3% in the anoxic basin but at 90.3% in the oxic basin. The TP removal rate (mg.TP/g.MLSS.d) ranged from 2.01 to 4.67 (3.06) as the volume loading of T-P was increased, Conclusions: The test results showed that the electrolysis of iron is an effective method of phosphorus removal. Regardless of the temperature and organic matter content of the influent, the quality of phosphorus in the treated water was both relatively stable and high due to the high removal efficiency. Nitrogen removal efficiency was 66.5% because organic matter from the influent serves as a carbon source in the anoxic basin.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2004

The major compositions of leaf tea and flower tea were investigated to develope as a new functional tea using Korean native Camellia japonica L. Most of leaf teas, except flower tea, were considered as good materials with basic conditions for tea manufacture because water content was below 6%. Crude protein was the greatest component in roasted young leaf tea (RYLT), crude fats in roasted mature leaf tea (RMLT) and ashes in fermented young leaf tea (FYLT). Caffein were present as the highest amount (5.18%) in steamed mature leaf tea (SMLT), showing less amount than green tea. Catechin were contained as the highest amount in all kinds of teas, especially FYLT was the highest (9.57%). Tannin, which highly related with tea quality including astringent taste, color and perfume, were present as the highest amount in FYLT. Vitamin C was highly detected in the tea from flowers (22.7 mg/l00 g) rather than in the tea from leaves. The content of theanine were found in flower tea by 1,074 mg/l00 g, and had about twofold of FYLT and RYLT. Among free amino acids, glutamic acid and aspartic acid were higher detected in SMLT and RMLT while asparagine was present as higher amounts in RYLT and FYLT, expecting these components can improve tea taste. Nucleic acids and their derivatives including GMP, hypoxanthine and AMP were detected as the higher amounts by 7.86, 8.57, and $12.67\;{\mu}mol/g$, respectively, however IMP content was even reduced by all manufacturing processes. In all kinds of tea, sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose were detected, specially glucose and fructose were found as highest amount in RFT by 65.5 and 59.6 nmol/0.1 mg, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.91-103
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• 2009

Slope failure depends upon the climatic features related to related rainfall, structural geology and geomorphological features as well as the variation of the mechanical behaviors of soil constituting a slope. In this paper, among many variables, effects of soil layer thickness on the slope failure process, and variations of matric suction and volumetric water content were observed. When the soil layer is relatively thick, the descending wetting front decreases matric suction and the observed matric suction reaches to "0" value. When the wetting front reaches to the impermeable boundary, the bottom surface of steel soil box, ascending wetting front was observed. This observation can be postulated to be the effects of various sizes of pores. When macro size pores exist, the capillary effects can be reduced and infilling of pore will be limited. The partially filled pores would be filled with water during the ascending of the wetting front, which bounces from the impermeable boundary. This assumption has been assured from the observation of variation of the volumetric water contents at different depth. When the soil layer is thick (thickness = 20 cm), for granular material, erosion is a cause triggering the slope failure. It has been found that the initiation of erosion occurs when the top soil is fully saturated. Meanwhile, when the soil layer is shallow (thickness = 10 cm), slope slides as en mass. The slope failure for this condition occurs when the wetting front reaches to the interface between the soil layer and steel soil box. As the wetting front approaches to the bottom of soil layer, reduction of shear resistance along the boundary and increase of the unit weight due to the infiltration occur and these produce complex effects on the slope failure processes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1605-1611
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• 2017

Objective: Following a previous report, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of increasing level of dried stoned olives pomaces (DSOP) in the diet of lactating buffaloes on milk and mozzarella cheese yield and characteristics. Methods: Sixteen pluriparous buffaloes distributed into two groups were fed an isoenergetic (0.9 milk forage unit/kg) and isoprotein (149 g/kg dry matter [DM] of crude protein) diet, with or without DSOP. Each animal received 17 kg DM/d. Samples of forages and concentrates were weekly collected and used for duplicate chemical analyses. Individual milk samples from each control were analyzed for chemical and coagulating parameters and daily production of mozzarella cheese was estimated. At the end of the trial, bulk milk of each group was processed to produce mozzarella cheese and chemical (fat, protein, ash, pH) composition, fatty acids composition, carotenoids and tocopherols content were determined. A sensory test was also performed. The oxidative stability was measured on mozzarella cheese and on governing liquid. Results: No significant differences were observed, neither for milk yield and body condition score, nor for milk characteristics. The fat was higher (p<0.05) in mozzarella of DSOP fed group but, saturated fatty acids were lower and unsaturated higher (p<0.01). Furthermore, lower atherogenic (p<0.01), and thrombogenic (p<0.05) indices were found in mozzarella cheese of DSOP fed group. In addition, the administration of DSOP did not affect the mozzarella cheese oxidative stability and no negative effect was found in the sensory properties. Conclusion: No contraindications appeared for the inclusion of DSOP in the diet of lactating buffaloes. Besides, important effects on mozzarella cheese quality were obtained, such as a modification of fat content and attributes with an increment in the mono-unsaturated. Additionally, a lower saturated/unsaturated ratio and atherogenic and thrombogenic indices suggest an improvement of dietetic and nutritional characteristics of mozzarella cheese.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.241-251
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• 2006

In this study, crosslinked copolyimides with random (r-) and block (b-) structure were fabricated using N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid and pentanediol as crosslinkers. Linear r- and b-sulfonated copolyimides were also fabricated for comparison. Ion exchange capacities of r- and b-copolyimides were very similar to each other owing to their strong dependence of sulfonic acid content. The physical crosslinking via dimerization of carboxylic acid groups induced a reduced average interchain distance in b-copolyimide without crosslinkers. Consequently, its water uptake and methanol permeability were lower than those of r-sulfonated copolyimides. Simultaneously, the reduced interchain distance increased the content of fixed-charged ions per unit volume. The high fixed-charged ion density contributed to an enhancement of proton conductivity In the b-sulfonated copolyimide. Crosslinking caused the reduction of average interchain distance between polymer chains irrespective of types of crosslinker and polymer structure, leading to low methanol permeability. On the contrary, their proton conductivity was improved owing to formation of effective hydrophilic channels responsible for proton conduction. In particular, this trend was observed in r-copolyimide containing a fixed charged ion.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.161-183
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to develop a concept map in a visual instructional strategy so that meaningful learning can be done by structuring knowledge in the section of eco-friendly clothing life and reform clothes. For this purpose, ten textbooks for the 2009 revised were analyzed, and 10 sub-area were selected to develop the concept map. The development was done by using Cmap Tools V6.02 and the study process has progressed content analysis, concept extraction, and concept map development. The analysis process and results of this study are as follows. First, in the course of setting standards, the analytical standards were set for the 2007 revision and 2009 revision curriculum achievement standards. Second, in the process of content analysis and concept extracting, through the analysis of textbooks, 'clothing selection and purchase', 'clothing care and management' and 'clothing reuse and eco-friendly'. The concept was extracted by subdividing on the basis of general and comprehensive core concepts. Third, the development process of concept map was developed and revised based on the extracted concepts, and the concept map developed was the 'clothing purchase plan', 'points to consider when buying clothing' 'quality', 'handle with care', 'classify laundry', 'remove stain', 'water washing', 'repair clothing', 'reform clothing', 'eco-friendly clothing life'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.19-34
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• 2022

This study was conducted to provide basic data that can be used when establishing Net Zero policies and implementation plans for non-urban settlements by quantitatively analyzing the Net Zero contribution to green infrastructure in rural areas corresponding to non-urban settlements. The main purpose is to first, systematize green infrastructure in rural areas, secondly derive basic units for each element of green infrastructure, and thirdly quantify and present the impact on Net Zero in Korea using these. In this study, CVR(Content Validity Ration) analysis was performed to verify the adequacy of green infrastructure elements in rural areas derived through research and analysis of previous studies, is as follows. First, Hubs of Green infrastructure in rural area include village forests, wetlands, farm land, and smart farms with a CVR value of .500 or higher. And Links of Green infrastructure in rural area include streams, village green areas, and LID (rainwater recycling). Second, the basic unit for each green infrastructure element was presented by classifying it into minimum, maximum, and median values using the results of previous studies so that it could be used for spatial planning and design for Net Zero. Third, when Green infrastructure in rural areas is applied to non-urban settlements in Korea, it is analyzed that it has the effect of indirectly reducing CO₂ by at least 70.76 million tons and up to 141.16 million tons. This is 3.4 to 6.7 times the amount of CO₂ emission from the agricultural sector in 2019, and it can be seen that the contribution to Net Zero is very high. It is expected to greatly contribute to the transformation of the ecosystem. This study quantitatively presented the carbon-neutral contribution to settlements located in non-urban areas, and by deriving the carbon reduction unit for each element of green infrastructure in rural areas, it can be used in spatial planning and design for carbon-neutral at the village level. It has significance as a basic research. In particular, the basic unit of carbon reduction for each green infrastructure factors will be usable for Net Zero policy at the village level, presenting a quantitative target when establishing a plan, and checking whether or not it has been achieved. In addition, based on this, it will be possible to expand and apply Net Zero at regional and city units such as cities, counties, and districts.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2014

We studied on pesticide residue and pest control effect when using various types of sprayers on paprika cultivation. Additionally, a test was conducted to optimize chemical content per unit area in condition of optimum pest control. Two types of sprayer were tested (three times) on paprika cultivation which was divided into seven sections. Blind spots were also examined using a water sensitive paper when spraying chemical pesticide, remote controlled sprayer were confirmed to be not effective in terms of its spraying capacity. However, a U-shaped sprayer was confirmed that it sprayed enough on all the parts of a plant in green house including the blind spots. Additionally, it does not exceed the minimum residue limits on the all parts of pesticides residue conditions. When using remote controlled sprayer, water sensitive paper were changed to blue color (82.5% and 81.2%) in terms of controlling Bemisia tabaci and Aphis gossypii based on the two spraying manners. 53.0% and 42.6% of control effect were shown on the fair parts of the plants. However, on the poor parts on which pesticides were not well-sprayed, thus, not-remained, more number of pests increased. Meanwhile, on farming that only one type of pesticide has been used, resistance pests present with very low control effect, even though sufficient amount of pesticide was well-sprayed. On the test of the optimum amount of spraying per a unit area, which shows no differences in the two cases of using 5L and 2.5L of chemical pesticides on 9 plants of paprika that has 81.8% and 84.5% control effect, respectively.