• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.196-203
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• 2022

The resource constrained scheduling problem (RCSP) constitutes one of the most challenging problems in Project Management, as it combines multiple parameters, contradicting objectives (project completion within certain deadlines, resource allocation within resource availability margins and with reduced fluctuations), strict constraints (precedence constraints between activities), while its complexity grows with the increase in the number of activities being executed. Due to the large solution space size, this work investigates the application of Genetic Algorithms to approximate the optimal resource alolocation and obtain optimal trade-offs between different project goals. This analysis uses the cost of exceeding the daily resource availability, the cost from the day-by-day resource movement in and out of the site and the cost for using resources day-by-day, to form the objective cost function. The model is applied in different case studies: 1 project consisting of 10 activities, 4 repetitive projects consisting of 40 activities in total and 16 repetitive projects consisting of 160 activities in total, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm in different-size solution spaces and under alternative optimization criteria by examining the quality of the solution and the required computational time. The case studies 2 & 3 have been developed by building upon the recurrence of the unit/sub-project (10 activities), meaning that the initial problem is multiplied four and sixteen times respectively. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed model can efficiently provide reliable solutions with respect to the individual goals assigned in every case study regardless of the project scale.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.627-634
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• 2023

Tire wear particles(TWPs), regarded as a microplastic, is generated in significant quantities each year and exist in various spaces and have a negative impact on the surrounding environment. Particularly, roadside environments fall within the direct influence of TWPs, necessitating proactive investigation for contamination management and response. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the soil acidity and electrical conductivity(EC) and TWPs in the roadside soil of six sites based on traffic volume. The analysis revealed that the soil in all sites exhibited subacidity, and there were no significant differences in EC. Microscopic and FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of microscopic particles in soil samples that exhibited common visual characteristics of TWPs. In the road with the highest traffic volume, 48,300 TWPs were detected per unit area. Furthermore, a proportional relationship between traffic volume and TWPs particles was established. However, influences other than traffic volume on TWPs particle count within the soil were observed. Therefore, for the management of TWPs contaminated roadside soil, a proactive response is necessary in areas with high traffic volumes. However, in order to effectively address the factors contributing to the generation and dispersion of TWPs, further research is required with a multidimensional approach.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2024

As urbanization progresses, the demand for parks and green space is increasing. Park green spaces in the city are important spaces in the city because they are recognized as spaces where people can freely engage in outdoor activities. The park service area is a measure that shows the extent to which services are provided based on distance. In this process, the concept of accessibility plays an important role, and walking, in particular, as the most basic means of transportation for people and has a great influence on the use of parks. However, the current park service area analysis focuses on discovering underprivileged areas, so detailed evaluation of beneficiary areas is insufficient. This study seeks to evaluate park service areas based on the pedestrian accessibility and the pedestrian network. Park services are services that occur when users directly visit the park, and accessibility is expected to be reflected in terms of usability. To quantify the pedestrian network, this study used space syntax to analyze pedestrian accessibility based on integration values. The integration values are an indicators that quantify the level of accessibility of the pedestrian network, and in this study, the higher the integration value, the higher the possibility of park use. The results of the study are as follows. First, Bundang-gu's park service area accounts for 43%, and includes most sections with high pedestrian accessibility, but some sections with good pedestrian accessibility are excluded. This can be seen as a phenomenon that occurs when residential areas and commercial and business areas are given priority during the urban planning process, and then park and green areas are selected. Second, based on Bundang-gu, the park service area and pedestrian accessibility within the park service area were classified by neighborhood unit. Differences appear for each individual neighborhood unit, and it is expected that the availability of the park will vary accordingly. In addition, even in areas created during the same urban planning process, there were differences in the evaluation of park service areas according to pedestrian accessibility. Using this, it is possible to evaluate individual neighborhood units that can be reflected in living area plans, and it can be used as a useful indicator in park and green space policies that reflect this in the future.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.19-33
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to derive education programs for safety training class, create unit spaces and present components and methods of utilizing the spaces for the development of facilities models closely related to various policy, operation plan and facility construction projects promoted by related institutions such as the Ministry of Education, schools, architects and companies. This study is divided into five steps. First, we reviewed the literature related basic directions for safety education and facility plan, second, field survey included both field conditions such as spatial size and facility configuration and analysis of operating conditions like hours of operation and personnel. Base on literature review and field survey, it were used to analyze strengths and weaknesses of existing safety training classes, and five facility models was developed based on the Delphi method and expert participatory design. The result show that the facility models (drafts) of safety training class were developed as follows: (1)the facility model for traffic safety(pedestrian safety, vehicle safety, subway safety) (2)the facility model for first aid(emergency rescue, how to report) (3)the facility model for disaster safety(fire evacuation safety, life earthquake safety) (4)the facility model for elevator safety(elevator safety, escalator safety) (5)the facility model for drugs and violence safety (smoking drinking, sexual harassment safety, food safety) The safety training class can be composed by combining or separating each module according to affordable space size of each school.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.195-209
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information about design guidelines of activity areas in elderly nursing facilities. For the study, the activity areas of 44 facilities in Korea were investigated to categorize their spatial compositions and forms, and then a case study about 19 facilities was conducted to analyse their hierarchical characteristics. The results of the study were as follows: First, the major type of spatial composition among 44 research facilities was concentration, but compartment type was the main among unit-care facilities. By the year, all the types of spatial composition were evenly distributed during recent five years, while concentration type was about 40% before 2003. Second, the major form of activity areas was hall or corridor extension for large group. But there was more alcove or separation form among small group spaces. Third, in the case analysis about hierarchical characteristics, hall and corridor extension form met the requirements of accessibility and openness of public and semi-public areas. On the other hand, separation form had a problem in satisfying both requirements. The semi-private areas, which were around the elderly bedrooms and the elderly were able to watch activities in, were not sufficient in many facilities. Fourth, the division of public and semi-public area was mainly by furniture, and the individuality of semi-private area was defined by dead-end place and corner seats of the window or the corridor. The diversity of semi-private area was likely to be appeared in connection or distribution type. On the basis of the results, the basic design guidelines for activity areas in elderly nursing facilities could be suggested as follows: On the whole, connection or distribution type in spatial composition is more efficient for hierarchical flow than concentration or compartment type is, especially in Korean facilities having many elderly residents per floor. In detail, the design of public and semi-public area should be focused on their openness and accessibility. The recommended forms of activity areas were hall or corridor extension in public area, and living room, corridor extension, or large corridor in semi-public area to effectively function as large or small group spaces. In semi-private areas, the spatial diversity and individuality should be considered.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.291-297
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• 2018

Vertical farming systems offer many advantages in urban spaces. They have also been proposed as an engineering solution to increase the productivity per unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production in the vertical dimension. However, soil water retention is a major constraint affecting the plant environment. This study analyzed the effects of growth environment of Tropaeolum majus and Fragaria spp., on the vertical farming system, by using four different types of cover material types including sphagnum moss (Control), a shading net (S.N.), multi-layered fabric (M.L.F.), and non-woven fabric (N.W.F.). The volumetric soil moisture contents and plant characteristics were investigated from May to September 2014. Plant materials were individually cultivated in hanging baskets measuring $30{\times}17{\times}17cm$, filled with a mixture of soil and perlite, and placed at 1.5m height. Each treatment was performed in quadruplicate and consisted of five plants, amounting to a total of 20 plants. The analysis indicated that different covers were associated with multiple functions and soil water retention improvements may have a positive impact on the vertical farming system. The difference in soil water retention increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N.. Furthermore, the differences in plant height and survival rate increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N. Therefore, M.L.F yielded satisfactory good response for the vertical farming system of cover materials. Our results clearly demonstrate that vertical spaces represent an attractive alternative to urban farming and suggest that further increases in yield may be achieved via different cover materials in vertical farming using hanging baskets.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.32-41
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• 2017

This study examined the arrangement attribute of each component based on the relationship among the components using space syntax at the entire complex level when analyzing the outdoor space of an apartment complex in Cheonan and as a preliminary study. The accessibility change in the access space to each space and to the facilities were examined based on a resident walking in the perspective that the outdoor spaces of the apartment complex are one spatial structure connected together. The space was divided into a total of 5 periods and the access space to the facilities and spaces located in outdoor space of the apartment complex were established as the unit space. In this study, a total of 6 analysis items were established: main complex access space, main building access space, shopping mall within complex, control office/center for senior citizens, children's playground, and resident sports facilities. In the analysis, the following conclusion was obtained. First, the accessibility to the main complex access space was high over almost all periods and the main building access space generally showed low accessibility. Second, the shopping mall showed a tendency that the closer the period, the more the accessibility is increased. Third, the control office/center for senior citizens, which can be considered as a common resident space and the children's playground out of the resident sports facilities, showed an exceptional tendency, the integration order was constantly high without a large change by the period and the control office/center for senior citizens showed the tendency for a high integration order, indicating that it is planned mainly in a location with good accessibility.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.75-86
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• 2004

This study aims to figure out ecological characteristic of natural forests focusing on vegetation as a way of ecological renovation for the restoration of naturalness for golf courses that were constructed in the Country and to present vegetation models and appropriate tree species for the purpose. The study site is P golf club, which is located in Gapyong-gun, Kyeonggi Province. The site is within a forest where the grade from the natural ecology map is the first one and the level from the green index accounts for the eight, thus showing a typical environment for a golf course in terms of location. The location of the site explains a reason for restoration. The major substance of the study is to conduct ecological evaluation of vegetation structures around and inside the golf course and to present a vegetation model. In order to evaluate the ecological characteristics of the vegetation structures, the analysis of the study covered succession stages, multi-layer vegetation structures and species diversity. Plant communities that have high species diversity were selected for the vegetation model and proper density and species were proposed considering the number of species and individuals and distances between trees. The vegetation restoration model targets succession into an oak forest. Within a unit of 100 $m^2$, the recommended model include a tall-tree layer with 11 trees such as Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica, a sub-tall-tree layer with 12 trees including Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Acer pseudo sieboldianum, a shrub layer with 32 trees from 16 species, and a grass layer with a cover rate of 45 %. The proposed vegetation restoration model needs to apply to : 1) damaged natural forests by the construction of golf courses; 2) boundaries between golf courses and surrounding forests; 3) buffer zones; 4) open spaces in between courses; and 5) areas between greens and tees where open spaces are available in a mass. In conclusion, one of the most important factors in presenting a vegetation model for the restoration of naturalness in the golf course and other damaged forests is to provide multi-layer vegetation structures that are composed of native species. As for the specific application for the site, it is recommended to manage the vegetation in such a way that the environment of the site can have a similar environment to the surrounding forest which is expected to succeed into an oaks-dominant one.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.549-559
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• 2014

The rapid expansion of cities led to the shortage of housing in urban areas. The government compensated for this shortage through large scale residential developments that increased the housing supply. The supply of condominium apartments remains above 83% of the entire housing supply, and the proportion of apartments are at a steady increase, at about 50%. Due to the increase, illegally parked cars resulting from the shortage of parking spaces within the apartment complex have become increasingly problematic as they block the transit of emergency vehicles, and heighten the tension among neighboring residents in obtaining a parking space. Especially, the future residents are considered to plan the parking based on the estimated demand for parking. However, the parking unit method utilized to estimate the parking demand accounts for the exclusive use of space, which is believed to be far from the parking demands in reality. The reason for this discrepancy is that, as the number of households decrease, and area of exclusive space is expanded, the planned parking increases. On the other hand, when the number of households increase, and the area of exclusive space is reduced, the planned parking decreases, thus methods to recalculate the parking units based on estimated parking demand is an urgent concern. To estimate the parking units based on condominium apartments, this study first examined the existing research literature, and appointed the field of investigation to collect the necessary data. In addition, field study data and surveys collected and analyzed, in order to identify the problems underlying parking units, and problems regarding the current traffic impact assessment parking unit calculation method were deduced. Through identifying the influential factors on parking demand estimates, and performing a factorial analysis based on the collected data, the variables were selected in relation to the parking demand estimates, to develop the parking unit estimate model. Finally, through comparing and verifying the existing traffic impact assessment parking unit estimate against the newly developed model using collected data, a far more realistic parking unite estimate was suggested, reflecting the characteristics of the residents. The parking unit estimate model developed in this study is anticipated to serve as the guidelines for future parking lot legislature, as wel as the basis to provide a more realistic estimate of parking demands based on the resident characteristics of an apartment complex.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.20-34
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• 1983

A phenomenon in the unplanned urban sprawl of Cheong-ju city has to be rest-rained from disposing and to develop, though progress in urbanization inevitably decreases rural area. So, this thesis aims at reviewing, revising and guiding toward the more effective land use planning practice and zoning mechanism and system of Cheong-ju city. I proposed that land use planning should be had several factors and thereupon that Korean zoning mechanism and system including Building Code should be amended because of inducing human activities in buildings and facilities not to demarcate and plan every one of them. First, the factors of urban planning are a rather diversified approach to it than a unified, supplementation of the applicable difference in time between preparing and appling it, a solid controlling system, a micro and macro planning theory and giving serious consideration for the inertia from the existing land use. Second, the applicable amendments for our zoning mechanism including Eluding Code are as follows; a need of reorganization for Zoning Ordinance appricated to different regulation concerning a scale and peculiarity of a oily, a decision of the different earmarked confinement in area to different zone ana from Zoning Ordinance in City Planning Law, a demarcated facilities and the more detailed land use concerning human activies than the exsisting and entrusting decision on the ways and processes of it to every rural city planning committee, a settlement of zone ana area considering for block-unit and Planned Unit Development(P. U. D.), and a need of security jurisprudence in order to solve the zoning regulation rather in City Planning Law than in Building Code that our zoning regulation and controlling system are depended on. According to these applicable amendments to Cheong-ju city, I proposed the conceptions of Cheong-ju city land use planning are as follows; a reinforcement with one cored pattern of urban land use, a selection of gradual urban sprawl by way of city development and renewal, a strengthening accessibility to the core of the city with Plurizing the system of arterial roads, a choice of priority to conservation at the core of tile city and security of open spaces and parking area at the area of the city, a harmonization between development and conservation at the inner ring area that is situated between the core and periphery reserved area in order to develop in the future, a buffered open space situated at the congested area with heterogenous functions, and a completion of urban open space system. The proposal made here so far is for the hope of the better structure of Cheong-ju city that should be granted to the peculiarity developed with educational, cultural, conservative and self-sufficient city functions.