• Title/Summary/Keyword: Uniform Temperature

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Development and Evaluation of Natural Hydroxyapatite Ceramics Produced by the Heat Treatment of Pig Bones

  • Lim, Ki-Taek;Kim, Jin-Woo;Kim, Jangho;Chung, Jong Hoon
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • 제39권3호
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    • pp.227-234
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    • 2014
  • Purpose: The aim of this research was to develop and evaluate natural hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics produced from the heat treatment of pig bones. Methods: The properties of natural HA ceramics produced from pig bones were assessed in two parts. Firstly, the raw materials were characterized. A temperature of $1,200^{\circ}C$ was chosen as the calcination temperature. Fine bone powders (BPs) were produced via calcinations and a milling process. Sintered BPs were then characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and a 2-year in vitro degradability test. Secondly, an indirect cytotoxicity test was conducted on human osteoblast-like cells, MG63, treated with the BPs. Results: The average particle size of the BPs was $20{\pm}5{\mu}m$. FE-SEM showed a non-uniform distribution of the particle size. The phase obtained from XRD analysis confirmed the structure of HA. Elemental analysis using XRF detected phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) with the Ca/P ratio of 1.6. Functional groups examined by FTIR detected phosphate ($PO{_4}^{3-}$), hydroxyl ($OH^-$), and carbonate ($CO{_3}^{2-}$). The EDX, XRF, and FTIR analysis of BPs indicated the absence of organic compounds, which were completely removed after annealing at $1,200^{\circ}C$. The BPs were mostly stable in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 2 years. An indirect cytotoxicity test on natural HA ceramics showed no threat to the cells. Conclusions: In conclusion, the sintering temperature of $1,200^{\circ}C$ affected the microstructure, phase, and biological characteristics of natural HA ceramics consisting of calcium phosphate. The Ca-P-based natural ceramics are bioactive materials with good biocompatibility; our results indicate that the prepared HA ceramics have great potential for agricultural and biological applications.

강편 빌레트의 건식 자분 탐상 (Dry Magnetic Particle Inspection of Ingot Cast Billets)

  • 김구화;임종수;이의완
    • 비파괴검사학회지
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.162-173
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    • 1996
  • 본 연구는 강편 빌레트의 표면 결함을 검출하기 위한 건식 자분 탐상에 관한 것으로 자분 탐상능을 대상체에 흘리는 자화 전류, 대상체의 온도, 자분의 총 분사량 등에 대하여 평가하였다. 선재 제품의 등급에 따라 필요로 하는 몇 가지 강종을 선택하여 강종별 자기적 특성을 평가하였으며, 이를 입력 자료로 하여 유한 요소법에 의한 자기 해석을 행하였고, 그 결과를 직류 자화 전류에 의한 누설 자속 측정 결과와 비교 분석하였다. 교류 자화 전류에 의한 건식 자분 탐상능을 직류 자화 전류에 의한 탐상능과 비교하여 강종 및 자화 전류의 유형에 따른 자화 전류치를 결정하였다. 직류 자화 전류에 의한 자분 탐상 결과를 유한 요소법에 의한 계산과 비교하였고, 빌레트의 표면과 표면 결함 부위에서 측정한 누설 자속으로 비교 결과를 평가하였다. 각 강편재의 경우 직류 자화 전류에 의한 표면 자장은 그 형상에 의한 영향으로 코너 부위에서는 면 중앙의 표면 자장치에 비해 30% 정도였으며, 교류 자화 전류에 의해서는 그 비율이 70% 정도였다. 교류 자화 전류는 코너로부터 면중앙으로 10mm 되는 영역을 제외하고는 전 면에서 균일한 표면 자장을 발생하였다. 대상체의 온도에 따른 자분의 흡착은 대상체의 온도 $150^{\circ}C$ 까지는 큰 변화가 없으나 자분의 고착에 있어서 $60^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온재에 대해서는 융착 용매로 메틸렌 크로라이드를 사용하는 것이 부적합하였다. 자분의 총분사량은 자분 탐상능에 상당히 큰 영향을 미침을 확인하였고 이에 대한 정량적 평가를 행하였다.

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실내동결시스템을 이용한 노상토의 동상 특성 (The Frost Heaving Characteristics of Subgrade Soils Using Laboratory Freezing System)

  • 신은철;류병현;박정준
    • 한국도로학회논문집
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.71-79
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    • 2010
  • 겨울에는 시베리아기단의 영향으로 한랭 건조한 대륙성 고기압의 영향을 받아 춥고 건조하여 1월 평균기온이 $-6{\sim}-7^{\circ}C$의 영하의 온도로 낮아져 지반동결시 수분이동으로 동상현상이 발생하여 도로의 불균형 동결팽창을 초래하며, 결국 포장체를 파손시킨다. 동상발생시 토립자는 모관력에 의해 지하수를 흡수하여 아이스렌즈를 형성하며, 이 모관 흡수력은 토립자의 크기에 영향을 받는다. 도로는 다양한 재료와 단면으로 구성된 구조물이기 때문에 환경성과 재료 물성뿐만 아니라 포장체 각 층의 구조적 적정성 또는 지지력을 파악하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다. 현재 기존 동상방지층 설계법에 따르면, 동상방지층은 포장체의 구조적 적정성과는 무관하게 온도 조건에 따른 동결깊이에 따라 일률적으로 결정되고 있다. 이러한 동결깊이를 포장구조설계에 적용함으로써 포장의 과다설계 우려가 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 도로 동상방지층의 효용성 검증 및 설치기준 확립을 위해 실내동결시스템을 활용하여 도로 노상토의 동상 특성에 대한 민감성을 판별, 도로건설 현장 노상토에 대한 역학적 특성과 실내 동결 시험을 수행하였으며, 외부 동결온도의 지속 조건에 대한 시료의 온도변화, 동상팽창압, 동상팽창량, 부동수분 등의 결과값을 통하여 동결 과정에 따른 지반공학적 특성을 평가하였다.

OBSERVATION OF THE SWEATING IN LIPSTICK BY SCANNING ELECTION MICROSCOPY

  • Seo, Su-Youn;Lee, In-Sook;Sin, Hyeon-Jong;Choi, Kyu-Yeol;Kang, She-Hoon;Ahn, Ho-Jeong
    • 대한화장품학회지
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    • 제22권2호
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    • pp.182-192
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    • 1996
  • In this study, the relationship between wax matrix in lipstick and sweating was investigated by observing the change of size and shape of wax matrix with sweating by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). For observation by SEM, a lipstick sample was frozen in liquid nitrogen, then the oil in the lipstick was extracted out in cold isopropanol($-70^{\circ}C$) for 1-3days. After isopropanol was evaporated, the sample was sputtered with gold, and examined by SEM. When examined the sweated sample by SEM, the change of wax matrix underneath the surface from fine, uniform structure to coarse, nonuniform structure was observed, which was resulted from the caking of surrounding wax matrix. That is, the oil underneath the surface was migrated to the surface of lipstick with sweating, consequently the wax matrix at that region was rearranged into the coarse matrix. In case of flamed lipstick, sweating was delayed and the wax matrix was much coarser than that of unflamed one. Its larger wax matrix at surface region was good for including oil. The effect of molding temperature on sweating was also studied. As the molding temperature was increased, sweating was greatly reduced and the size of wax matrix was increased. It was also found that sweating was influenced with the compatinility of wax and oil. A formula consisting of wax and oil which have good compatibility has a tendency of reduced sweating and increased size of wax matrix. When pigment was added to wax and oil. It was also found that sweating was influenced with the passage of time by observing a thick membrane of wax on surface of lipstick after a month from molding. In case of some lipsticks, the size of wax matrix was altered to bigger or smaller. In conclusion, the structure of wax matrix at the surface region of lipstick was changed with the process of foaming, molding temperature, compatibility of wax and oil, addition of pigment, and the passage of time. In most cases, as the size of wax matrix was increased, sweating was reduced and delayed.

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유기금속화학기상증착법을 이용한 적층 InAs 양자점 적외선 수광소자 성장 및 특성 평가 연구 (Study of Multi-stacked InAs Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors Grown by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition)

  • 김정섭;하승규;양창재;이재열;박세훈;최원준;윤의준
    • 한국진공학회지
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    • 제19권3호
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    • pp.217-223
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    • 2010
  • 유기금속화학기상증착법으로 적층 InAs/$In_{0.1}Ga_{0.9}As$ DWELL (dot-in-a-well) 구조를 성장하여 n-i-n 구조의 적외선 수광소자를 제작하였으며, PL (photoluminescence) 발광 특성 및 암전류 특성을 분석하였다. 동일한 조건으로 양자점을 적층하였을 때 크기 및 밀도의 변화에 의한 이중 PL peak을 관찰하였으며, TMIn의 유량을 조절함으로써 단일 peak을 갖는 균일한 크기의 양자점 적층 구조를 성장할 수 있었다. 적외선 수광소자 구조를 성장함에 있어서, 상부의 n-형 GaAs의 성장 온도가 600도 이상인 경우 PL 발광 세기가 급격히 감소하였고 이에 따른 암전류의 증가를 관찰하였다. 0.5 V 인가 전압에서 암전류의 온도 의존성에 대한 활성화 에너지의 크기는 성장온도가 580도인 경우 106 meV이고, 650도의 경우는 48 meV로 급격이 낮아졌다. 이는 고온의 성장 온도에 의한 InAs 양자점과 $In_{0.1}Ga_{0.9}As$ 양자우물구조 계면에서의 열적 상호 확산에 의하여 비발광 천이가 증가되었기 때문이다.

석탄계 입상활성탄에 의한 Reactive Red 120의 흡착 특성 : 등온선, 동력학 및 열역학 파라미터 (Adsorption Characteristics of Reactive Red 120 by Coal-based Granular Activated Carbon : Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters)

  • 이종집
    • 공업화학
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.164-171
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    • 2020
  • 석탄계 활성탄을 사용한 Reactive Red 120 (RR 120) 염료의 흡착특성을 활성탄의 양, pH, 초기농도, 접촉시간 및 온도를 흡착변수로 사용하여 조사하였다. 등온흡착평형관계는 Langmuir 식이 Freundlich 식보다 더 잘 맞았다. 흡착 메카니즘은 균일한 에너지 분포를 가진 단분자층 흡착이 우세하다고 판단되었다. 평가된 Langmuir 분리계수(RL = 0.181~0.644)로부터 이 흡착공정이 효과적인 처리영역(RL = 0~1)에 속하는 것을 알았다. Temkin 식과 Dubinin-Radushkevich 식에 의해 구한 흡착에너지는 각각 E = 15.31~7.12 J/mol과 B = 0.223~0.365 kJ/mol로 흡착공정은 모두 물리흡착(E < 20 J/mol, B < 8 kJ/mol)으로 나타났다. 흡착속도실험결과는 유사 1차 반응속도식에 잘 맞았다. CGAC에 대한 RR 120 염료의 흡착반응은 온도가 올라갈수록 자유에너지 변화값이 감소하였기 때문에 온도 증가와 함께 자발성이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 엔탈피 변화(12.747 kJ/mol)는 흡열반응임을 알려주었다. CGAC에 의한 RR 120의 흡착반응의 등량흡착열은 9.78~24.21 kJ/mol로 물리흡착(< 80 kJ/mol)임을 밝혔다.

상품성 제고를 위한 고구마 수확 후 관리 및 출하기술 (Postharvest Handling and Marketing Management for Making High Salability of Sweetpotatoes)

  • Jeong, Byeong-Choon
    • 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국식품저장유통학회 2001년도 임시총회 및 제18차 학술발표회 발표논문초록집
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    • pp.51-64
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    • 2001
  • The qualities including taste of sweetpotato stored during the winter which can display in the spring market in Korea are affected by availability of storage for the roots. In order to make high storage availability of sweetpotato, the postharvest handlings should be done thoroughly from the moment of harvest until shipping them to the market. A lot of procedures that must be handled carefully for improving postharvest management are as follows; digging, trimming, gathering, putting in storage containers, carrying them from field to house, curing, storing, washing, drying, selecting marketable roots, packing and shipping to the market, etc.. Sweetpotatoes have a high moisture content, and a relatively thin and delicate skin, and are sensitive to chilling, so careless postharvest handling can lead to both quantitative and qualitative losses which may be extremely high in some circumstances. From now on research has concentrated on the improvement of postharvest conditions to increase yield and lower disease rates. Storage, which makes sweetpotatoes available through out the year, benefits both the producer and the consumer. Seven very important points must be needed in order to get the best quality marketable roots in the storing of sweetpotatos : $\circled1$The storage house must be clean and sanitary, $\circled2$The crop must be harvested before the first frost to avoid low-temperature injury, $\circled3$Particular care must be taken to avoid cutting, bruising, or other injuries of the sweetpotatoes during digging, picking up, grading, placing in containers, and moving to the storage house, $\circled4$Select sound, disease-free roots for storage $\circled5$Sweetpotatoes should be stored in properly stacked containers $\circled6$Cure immediately after harvest, preferably at 32∼33$^{\circ}C$ and 90 to 95 percent relative humidity for 4 to 7 days, After curing the temperature should be reduced to 13$^{\circ}C$ to 16$^{\circ}C$ by ventilating the storage with outside air. $\circled7$Store at 12$^{\circ}C$ to 14$^{\circ}C$ and a relative humidity of 80 to 85 percent. Storage houses should be located on suitable sites and should be tightly constructed and insulated so that temperature and humidity will be uniform. Sweetpotatoes are usually not washed and graded, and lately sometimes washed, graded, waxed, before being shipped to market. Consumer packaging of sweetpotatoes in paper boxes(10-15kg) or film bags is done mainly to aid marketing. The shelf life of washed roots in consumer packs in only 1 to 2 weeks. Weight loss of roots during marketing is much less in perforated film bags than in mesh and paper bags. Perforation of 0.8 to 1kg polyethylene bags with about six 6mm holes is essential ; to lower the internal relative humidity and avoid excessive sprouting, rooting, and dampness. Development and use of better postharvest handling with good storage facilities or marketing methods can minimize sweetpotate losses and has an effect of indirectly increasing productivity and farmer’s income.

석탄계 활성탄에 의한 Carbol Fuchsin의 흡착 특성과 파라미터: 동력학 및 열역학 (Characteristics and Parameters for Adsorption of Carbol Fuchsin Dye by Coal-based Activated Carbon: Kinetic and Thermodynamic)

  • 이종집
    • 공업화학
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    • 제32권3호
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    • pp.283-289
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    • 2021
  • 석탄계 활성탄(CAC)에 의한 carbol fuchsin (CF) 염료의 흡착 특성을 pH, 초기농도, 온도 및 접촉시간을 흡착변수로 사용하여 조사하였다. CF는 수중에서 해리하여 양이온인 NH2+를 가지게 되는데, 염기성 영역에서 음전하를 가진 활성탄의 표면과 정전기적 인력으로 결합하였으며 최적조건인 pH 11에서 96.6%를 흡착하였다. 등온흡착은 Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin 및 Dubinin-Radushkevich 모델을 사용하여 해석하였다. 실험결과는 Langmuir 식이 더 잘 맞았다. 따라서 흡착 메카니즘은 균일한 에너지 분포를 가진 활성탄 표면에서 단분자층으로 흡착된다고 예상되었다. 평가된 Langmuir의 무차원 분리계수 값들(RL = 0.503~0.672)로부터 활성탄에 의해 CF를 효과적으로 처리할 수 있다는 것을 알았다. Temkin 식과 Dubinin-Radushkevich 식에 의해 구한 흡착에너지는 각각 BT = 4.397~6.281 kJ/mol과 E = 1.456~2.319 J/mol이었다. 따라서 흡착공정은 물리흡착(BT < 20 J/mol, E < 8 kJ/mol)으로 나타났다. 흡착속도실험결과는 유사 2차 속도식에 더 잘 맞았다. CAC에 대한 CF 염료의 흡착반응은 온도가 올라갈수록 자유에너지 변화의 음수값이 증가하였기 때문에 온도 증가와 함께 자발성도 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 양수 값의 엔탈피 변화(12.747 kJ/mol)는 흡열반응임을 알려주었다.

Risk assessment for norovirus foodborne illness by raw oyster (Ostreidae) consumption and economic burden in Korea

  • Yoo, Yoonjeong;Oh, Hyemin;Lee, Yewon;Sung, Miseon;Hwang, Jeongeun;Zhao, Ziwei;Park, Sunho;Choi, Changsun;Yoon, Yohan
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • 제25권5호
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    • pp.287-297
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    • 2022
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the probability of norovirus foodborne illness by raw oyster consumption. One hundred fifty-six oyster samples were collected to examine the norovirus prevalence. The oyster samples were inoculated with murine norovirus and stored at 4℃-25℃. A plaque assay determined norovirus titers. The norovirus titers were fitted with the Baranyi model to calculate shoulder period (h) and death rate (Log PFU/g/h). These kinetic parameters were fitted to a polynomial model as a function of temperature. Distribution temperature and time were surveyed, and consumption data were surveyed. A dose-response model was also searched through literature. The simulation model was prepared with these data in @RISK to estimate the probability of norovirus foodborne. One sample of 156 samples was norovirus positive. Thus, the initial contamination level was estimated by the Beta distribution (2, 156), and the level was -5.3 Log PFU/g. The developed predictive models showed that the norovirus titers decreased in oysters under the storage conditions simulated with the Uniform distribution (0.325, 1.643) for time and the Pert distribution (10, 18, 25) for temperature. Consumption ratio of raw oyster was 0.98%, and average consumption amount was 1.82 g, calculated by the Pert distribution [Pert {1.8200, 1.8200, 335.30, Truncate (0, 236.8)}]. 1F1 hypergeometric dose-response model [1 - (1 + 2.55 × 10-3 × dose)-0.086] was appropriate to evaluate dose-response. The simulation showed that the probability of norovirus foodborne illness by raw oyster consumption was 5.90 × 10-10 per person per day. The annual socioeconomic cost of consuming raw oysters contaminated with norovirus was not very high.

강제 환기식 육계사 내부 열환경 균일성 평가 (Internal Thermal Environment Uniformity Analysis of Mechanically Ventilated Broiler House)

  • 김다인;이인복;이상연;박세준;김준규;조정화;정효혁;강솔뫼;정득영
    • 한국농공학회논문집
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    • 제64권6호
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    • pp.65-75
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    • 2022
  • Livestock industry in Korea has been growing rapidly and has reached 23 trillion Korean won in 2021. This study focuses on broiler, which is one of the largest sectors in livestock industry. As the effects of climate change get more serious, primary industry such as livestock industry is fragile to climate change since it directly interacts with nature. Therefore, maintaining suitable rearing environment is important. One of the most frequently used ventilation type for controlling the rearing environment of broiler house, tunnel ventilation, causes frequent air velocity fluctuation which makes maintaining the rearing environment important. By measuring the air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in various points inside the broiler house, the internal thermal environment uniformity was analyzed according to length, width and zone. The experimental house was found to have dead zone with high air temperature, relative humidity and low air velocity near the end of the inlet and at the end of the broiler house. By using heat stress index to analyze quantitatively, zone with highest heat stress index was found to increase by 7.55% compared to the lowest zone. As a result, to maintain uniform rearing environment inside the broiler house, different factors must be measured and analyzed and used to operate the environmental control facilities.