• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.51.1-51.13
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of improper positioning single-peak and multi-peak lights on color change, microhardness of bottom and top, and surface topography of bulk fill and incremental composites after artificial aging for 1 year. Materials and Methods: Bulk fill and incremental composites were cured using multi-peak and single-peak light-emitting diode (LED) following 4 clinical conditions: (1) optimal condition (no angulation or tip displacement), (2) tip-displacement (2 mm), (3) slight tip angulation (α = 20°) and (4) moderate tip angulation (α = 35°). After 1-year of water aging, the specimens were analyzed for color changes (ΔE), Vickers hardness, surface topography (Ra, Rt, and Rv), and scanning electron microscopy. Results: For samples cured by single-peak LED, the improper positioning significantly increases the color change compared to the optimal position regardless of the type of composite (p < 0.001). For multi-peak LED, the type of resin composite and the curing condition displayed a significant effect on ΔE (p < 0.001). For both LEDs, the Vickers hardness and bottom/top ratio of Vickers hardness were affected by the type of composite and the curing condition (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The bulk fill composite presented greater resistance to wear, higher color stability, and better microhardness than the incremental composite when subjected to improper curing. The multi-peak LED improves curing under improper conditions compared to single-peak LED. Prevention of errors when curing composites requires the attention of all personnel involved in the patient's care once the clinical relevance of the appropriate polymerization reflects on reliable long-term outcomes.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.288-298
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• 2009

It is well known that the peak strength envelope of geomaterials with no cohesion, such as sand, gravel and rockfill, exhibits significant curvature over a range of stresses. In a practical design of slope, however, the linear Mohr-Coulomb's failure envelope is used as a failure criterion and consequently gives inaccurate safety factors, especially for some ranges of small normal stresses on shallow failure surfaces. Necessity of a nonlinear shear strength envelope in slope stability analysis is on this point. Hence, this study describes how to evaluate nonlinear shear strength of gravel fill materials using the results of large triaxial tests under consolidated-drained condition, and compares the safety factors from slope stability analyses for a homogeneous gravel fill or rockfill embankment incorporating the non-linearity of strength, so as to show its effects on safety factors.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.282-291
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• 1985

점사(粘士)대신 화강암질풍화토(花崗岩質風化土)를 성토재료(盛土材料)로 사용(使用)할 경우(境遇) Fill Dam의 침하특성(沈下特性)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 동재료(同材料)를 사용(使用)한 안동(安東)댐의 매설계기(埋設計器) 측정자료(測定資料)를 분석(分析)하여 얻은 결론(結論)을 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 시공중(施工中) Core zone의 침하(沈下)는 성토재하중(盛土載荷重)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 거의 직선적(直線的)인 증가현상(增加現象)을 보였으며 유효응력(有效應力)이 $7kg/cm^2$ 이하(以下)일 경우(境遇)의 침하율(沈下率)은 0.1~0.8% 범위(範圍)로 일반(一般) 점사(粘士)를 사용(便用)한 Fill Dam에서 보다 작은 값을 나타냈다. 2 하부(下部) Core zone의 침하(沈下)는 성토고(盛土高)의 약(約) 중심부(中心部) 이상(以上)에서 재구(載苟)되는 성토구중(盛土苟重)의 영향(影響)을 크게 받지 않는것으로 나타났다. 3. 간극수압(間隙水壓)은 투수계수(透水係數)가 클수록 저수지(貯水池) 상위(水位) 변화(變化)에 민감(敏感)한 반응(反應)을 보였으며 간극수압(間隙水壓)이 소산(消散)됨에 따라 침하(沈下)는 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 4. 성토고(盛土高)의 하부(下部)에서 Zone 간(間)의 침하(沈下)는 상대밀도(相對密度)의 크기에 영향(影響)을 받는것으로 나타났으며 시공후(施工後)에는 압축(壓縮)두께가 큰 Core zone 에서 큰 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 5. 댐 정상(頂上)에서의 침하분포(沈下分布)는 댐의 최대단면(最大斷面)인 중심부(中心部)에서 크고 양안(兩岸)으로 갈수록 작게 나타났다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.190-194
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• 1982

개간지(開墾地)에서 절토지(切土地)와 성토지(盛土地)의 토양생산력(土壤生産力)을 연차적(年次的)으로 비교(比較)하기 위(爲)하여 경기도(京畿道) 평택(平澤)에서 콩-보리, 고구마-보리 작부(作付)를 대상(對象)으로 3년간(年間) 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 개간후(開墾後) 절토지(切土地)의 가비중(假比重)과 경도(硬度)는 각각(各各) $1.52g/cm^3$, 23.3mm이었고 성토지(盛土地)는 $1.32g/cm^3$, 14.3mm이었다. 성토지(盛土地)에서 고구마 재배(栽培)는 우량(優良)한 물리성(物理性) 유지(維持)에 효과적(效果的)이었다. 2. 토양화학성(土壤化學性)의 보지능력(保持能力)은 절토지(切土地)에서 낮았고 성토지(盛土地)는 3년차(年次)까지도 높았다. 3. 절토지(切土地)의 작물(作物) 수량(收量)은 낮았으나 작기(作期)에 따라 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었고 성토지(盛土地)는 개간당년부터 안정(安定)된 수량(收量)을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2013

The recycling of coal bottom ash generated from coal power plants in Korea has been limited due to heterogenous characteristics of the materials. The most common management option for the ash is disposal in landfills (i.e. ash pond) near ocean. The presence of large coarse and fine materials in the ash has prompted the desire to beneficially use it in an application such as fill materials. Prior to reuse application as fill materials, the potential risks to the environment must be assessed with regard to the impacts. In this study, a total of nine test cells with bottom ash samples collected from pretreated bottom ash piles and coal ash pond in a coal-fired power plant were constructed and operated under the field conditions to evaluate the leachability over a period of 210 days. Leachate samples from the test cells were analyzed for a number of chemical parameters (e.g., pH, salinity, electrical conductance, anions, and metals). The concentrations of chemicals detected in the leachate were compared to appropriate standards (drinking water standard) with dilution attenuation factor, if possible, to assess potential leaching risks to the surrounding area. Based on the leachate analysis, most of the samples showed slightly high pH values for the coal ash contained test cells, and contained several ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, and nitrate in relatively large quantities. Three elements (aluminum, boron, and barium) were commonly detected above their respective detection limits in a number of leachate samples, especially in the early leaching period of time. The results of the test cell study indicate that the pollutants in the leachate from the coal ash test cells were not of a major concern in terms of leaching risk to surface water and groundwater under field conditions as fill materials. However, care must be taken in extending these results to actual applications because the results presented in this study are based on the limited field test settings and time frame. Structural characteristics and analysis for coal bottom ash may be warranted to apply the materials to actual field conditions.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.59-70
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• 1998

국내 해안에 퇴적된 실트질 모래와 hydraulic fill한 지반에서 채취한 시료의 액상화 강도 측정을 위해 응력제어 진동삼축압축시험을 수행하였다. 이를 위해 1) 불교란시료와 교란시료의 액상화 강도 산정과 2) 등방 압밀된 시료와 비등방 압밀된 시료의 반복삼축시험결과 비교, 3) 본 시험결과와 국내 다른 시험자료 및 외국의 결과를 비교하였다. 등방 압밀 시료의 액상화 강도는 시료의 상대밀도에 따라 나타내었다. 실트질 함유량이 30%이하의 경우 액상화 강도는 실트질 영향을 거의 받지 않음이 나타났다. 비등방 압밀된 시료의 액상화 강도는 수직응력을 구속응력으로 나눈 유효압밀비에 영향을 받는다. 본 연구의 시험결과 한국 서해안의 실트질 모래의 액상화 강도는 Seed and Pea cock(1971)가 제안한 범위에서 내에 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2011

충돌보호공은 해저지반에 깊게 근입되어 있으며 돌핀을 의미하는 상부는 단단한 콘트리트 뚜껑으로 막혀지고 쇄석으로 채워진 원형의 속채움 시트파일의 배열로 구성된다. 본 연구에서는 돌핀의 거동을 규명하기 위해 총 7회의 준정적실험과 11회의 동적 원심모형실험을 수행하였다. 주요한 실험적 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선, 준정적실험의 실험적인 힘-변위 결과는 채움재 강성과 관련된 채움 밀도의 변화로부터 구조물의 초기 강성에 대한 영향을 보여준다. 그리고 동일한 변위에서의 에너지 소산을 비교해보면 더 조밀한 채움에서 직경 20m 돌핀은 16%, 직경 30m 돌핀은 23% 정도 소산율이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 30m 직경의 돌핀이 더 큰 민감도를 갖는 것은 채움재의 변형률이 에너지소산에 대해 보다 크게 기여하기 때문이다. 동 정적 충돌실험결과, 일반적으로 동적 응답이 준정적 응답보다 26~58%까지 크고 더 작은 변위에서 에너지 소산이 발생되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 돌핀 구조물의 거동예측 시 준정적 응답특성을 사용하는 것이 보수적이라는 것을 알 수 있으며, 하부충돌 시 돌핀 저항력은 상부충돌 시와 동일하거나 더 우세한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2003년도 학술발표논문집
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• pp.151-154
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• 2003

This paper reviews depositional environments and consolidation characteristic of Soft Dredged Clay fill and then analytical solution of self-weight consolidation is made to find consolidated state. It's known that Soft Dredged Clay Ground is in the under-consolidated state under $U{\fallingdotseq}30%$ from analytical solution. It is effective for higher consolidation rate that the time of Dredge is shorter ani the time of leave is longer. It is conclude that the under-consolidated state should be considered in prediction of consolidation settlement.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.80-88
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• 1996

The aim of the present investigation was to see the effect of combined use of PDGF BB and IGF -1 on the guided tissue regeneration(GTR) using barrier membrane in the treatment of human furcation involvement. Twelve patients with initially diagnosed as having moderate to advanced adult periodontitis with mandibular class II buccal furcation defects have been wer selected. Initial scaling and root planing has been performed and baseline data consisting of probing depths and attachment levels have been recorded prior to surgical procedures. The GTR procedures using either barrier membrane(control : ePTFE) alone or together with the application of PDGF - BB and IGF -l(experimental : ePTFE+PDGF/IGF) have been done under the routine guidelines. During the surgery, the distance from CEJ either to the bottom of the bone defects(CEJ - BD) or to the bone crest(CEJ-BC) were measured. Horizontal distance to the deepest area in the furcal defects were measured from the reference line connection the most prominent bony walls of the two buccal roots. 6 months following the GTR therapy, all the measurements were made repeatedly. The probing attachment gain of the experimental and the control grous were 2.14mm and l.07mm, respectively with no statically significnant difference. Amont of vertical bone fill in the experimental and the control groups were 2.43mm and 2.29mm, rexpectively. Amonut of horizontal bone fill were 2.86mm in the experimental group and 2.17mm in the control group, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the amount of bone fill(both vertical and horizontal)between the two groups.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.571-575
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• 2005

In order to improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), $TiO_2$ electrode screen-printed on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrate was sintered in variation with different temperature$(350\;to\;550^{\circ}C)$. $TiO_2$ electrode on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass was assembled with Pt counter electrode on FTO glass. I-V properties of DSSCs were measured under solar simulator. Also, effect of sintering temperature on surface morphology of $TiO_2$ films was investigated to understand correlation between its surface morphology and sintering temperature. Such surface morphology was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Below sintering temperature of $500^{\circ}C$, efficiency of DSSCs was relatively lower due to lower open circuit voltage. Oppositely, above sintering temperature of $500^{\circ}C$, efficiency of DSSCs was relatively higher due to higher open circuit voltage. In both cases, lower fill factor (FF) was observed. However, at sintering temperature of $500^{\circ}C$, both efficiency and fill factor of DSSCs were mutually complementary, enhancing highest fill factor and efficiency. Such results can be explained in comparison of surface morphology with schematic diagram of energy states on the $TiO_2$ electrode surface. Consequently, it was considered that optimum sintering temperature of a-terpinol included $TiO_2$ paste is at $500^{\circ}C$.