• Information Systems Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.45-68
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• 2013

Despite improved technologies, procedures, and regulations, consumers are still uncertain about purchasing online. The objective of this study is to understand uncertainty factors in online shopping and their relationships with the consumers' intention to purchase. For this objective we derived seller anonymity, lack of product transparency, and lack of process transparency as uncertainty factors from previous researches which may affect consumers' perceived uncertainty on online shopping. Then, a causal model was developed to conceptualize the relationships between these uncertainty factors as antecedent variables and consumer's intention to purchase as consequent variable with perceived uncertainty as an intermediary variable. Purchase involvement was used as a moderating variable on the relationship between perceived uncertainty and the intention to purchase online. The model was tested empirically to find meaningful relationships among these variables. The findings indicate that all antecedent variables affect perceived uncertainty significantly and perceived uncertainty negatively affects consumers' intention to purchase. Moreover, the results of analysis show purchase involvement has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between perceived uncertainty and intention to purchase online.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.75-82
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• 2010

The paper proposed CBIRS/EFI with contents based search technique using edge feature information of the object from image information of the object which is uncertain. In order to search specially efficiently case of partial image information of the object, we used the search technique which extracts outline information and color information in feature information of object. In order to experiment this, we extracted side edge feature information of the vehicle for feature information of the object after capture the car image of the underground garage. This is the system which applies a contents base search by the result which analyzes the image which extracts a feature, an original image to search and a last similar measurement result. This system compared in FE-CBIRS systems which are an existing feature extraction contents base image retrieval system and the function which improves the accuracy and an effectiveness of search rate was complemented. The performance appraisal of CBIRS/EFI systems applied edge extraction feature information and color information of the cars. And we compared a color feature search time, a shape characteristic search time and a search rate from the process which searches area feature information. We extracted the case 91.84% of car edge feature extraction rate. And a average search time of CBIRS/EFI is showing a difference of average 0.4-0.9 seconds than FE-CBIRS from vehicle. color search time, shape characteristic search time and similar search time. So, it was proven with the fact that is excellent.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.45-58
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• 2023

In a world of uncertainty and complexity, leadership is essential to lead collaborative and positive interactions among employees. In other words, if members share opinions and work through voluntary leadership, they will respond more effectively to uncertain challenges and get closer to the targeted management performance. Therefore, in this study, we would like to elucidate the importance of shared leadership, which has recently become an issue. We will examine the impact of shared leadership on team efficacy, team organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover intention. A survey was conducted among members working in a team organization in Busan, and the results were as follows. First, the effects of shared leadership on team efficacy were found to have significant positive(+) effects, such as the hypotheses set at planning and organizing 0.202(C.R.=2.853), problem solving 0.463(C.R.=5.620), support and caring 0.237(C.R.=3.326), and development and mentoring 0.366(C.R.=5.132), respectively. Second, the effects of team efficacy on team organizational citizenship behavior and turnover intention were 0.545(C.R.=5.895) and -0.143(C.R.=-0.817), respectively, and team efficacy was found to have a positive(+)positive(+) effect on team organizational citizenship behavior, but team efficacy did not have a significant effect on turnover intention.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 2024

This review discusses the pivotal role of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, vital processes influencing vascular permeability, endothelial cell recruitment, and the maintenance of tumor-associated blood and lymphatic vessels. VEGF exerts its effects through tyrosine-kinase receptors, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3. This VEGF-VEGFR system is central not only to cancer but also to diseases arising from abnormal blood vessel and lymphatic vessel formation. In the context of cancer, VEGF and its receptors are essential for the development of tumor-associated vessels, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Various approaches, such as anti-VEGF antibodies, receptor antagonists, and VEGF receptor function inhibitors, are being explored to interfere with tumor growth. However, the clinical efficacy of anti-angiogenic agents remains uncertain and necessitates further refinement. The article also highlights the physiological role of VEGFs, emphasizing their involvement in endothelial cell functions, survival, and vascular permeability. The identification of five distinct VEGFs in humans (VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and PLGF) is discussed, along with the classification of VEGFRs as typical receptor tyrosine kinases with distinct signaling systems. The family includes VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, crucial in tumor biology and angiogenesis, and VEGFR-3, specifically involved in lymphangiogenesis. Overall, this review has provided a comprehensive overview of VEGF and VEGFR, detailing their roles in various diseases, including cancer. This is expected to further facilitate the utilization of VEGF and VEGFR as therapeutic targets.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.425-432
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• 2017

The current recommendation systems have problems including the difficulty of figuring out whether they recommend items that actual users have preference for or have simple interest in, the scarcity of data to recommend proper items due to the extremely small number of users, and the cold-start issue of the dropping system performance to recommend items that can satisfy users according to the influx of new users. In an effort to solve these problems, this study implemented a movie recommendation system to ensure user satisfaction by using the Fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchy Process, which can reflect uncertain situations and problems, and the data partition algorithm to group similar items among the given ones. The data of a survey on movie preference with 61 users was applied to the system, and the results show that it solved the data scarcity problem based on the Fuzzy-AHP and recommended items fit for a user with the data partition algorithm even with the influx of new users. It is thought that research on the density-based clustering will be needed to filter out future noise data or outlier data.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.27-36
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• 2016

Venture companies, which can commercialize various kinds of new ideas and creating added value, are amid of great attention. Since most of venture companies in initial development stages cannot finance its capital sufficiently all by their own, investments from outside investors are key factor to their survival. However, they have lots of difficulties in financing from outside investors because of their typical uncertain but favorable investment characteristics. Moreover, even though they had successfully financed from outsiders, problems related to their stakeholders, such as interrupting in management and types of investments, cause contrary results to firms. Therefore there are various kinds of systems for startups like angels, venture capitals and governmental supports. Even so, investments and supports for venture companies are still not sufficient. 'Accelerator', which is a brand-new investment type started from Silicon Valley in United States during the mid 2000, is growing attention these-days. It mainly supports startups financially in the initial development stages, however, it also supports the firms by providing mentoring, education and networking services. On the other hand, difference between existing investment types and performance of the investment is still in controversy. Therefore this study compared investment behavior between accelerator and venture capital. As a result, we found that the difference in investment behavior of accelerators and venture capital.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.303-314
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• 2020

The hydrological characteristics of watersheds and hydraulic systems of urban and river floods are highly nonlinear and contain uncertain variables. Therefore, the predicted time series of rainfall-runoff data in flood analysis is not suitable for existing neural networks. To overcome the challenge of prediction, a NARX (Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous Model), which is a kind of recurrent dynamic neural network that maximizes the learning ability of a neural network, was applied to forecast a flood in real-time. At the same time, NARX has the characteristics of a time-delay neural network. In this study, a hydrological model was constructed for the Taehwa river basin, and the NARX time-delay parameter was adjusted 10 to 120 minutes. As a result, we found that precise prediction is possible as the time-delay parameter was increased by confirming that the NSE increased from 0.530 to 0.988 and the RMSE decreased from 379.9 ㎥/s to 16.1 ㎥/s. The machine learning technique with NARX will contribute to the accurate prediction of flow rate with an unexpected extreme flood condition.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.481-491
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• 2014

The power production using renewable energy is more important because of a limited amount of fossil fuel and the problem of global warming. A concentrative photovoltaic system comes into the spotlight with high energy production, since the rate of power production using solar energy is proliferated. These systems, however, need to sophisticated tracking methods to give the high power production. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical tracking system using modular Bayesian networks and a naive Bayes classifier. The Bayesian networks can respond flexibly in uncertain situations and can be designed by domain knowledge even when the data are not enough. Bayesian network modules infer the weather states which are classified into nine classes. Then, naive Bayes classifier selects the most effective method considering inferred weather states and the system makes a decision using the rules. We collected real weather data for the experiments and the average accuracy of the proposed method is 93.9%. In addition, comparing the photovoltaic efficiency with the pinhole camera system results in improved performance of about 16.58%.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.19
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• pp.33-66
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• 2003

This is a comparative and analytical study which comprises of the analysis of the rules of the buyer's remedies where the seller delivers defective goods of four legal systems; Directive, CISG, English law and Korean law. In light of threefold main purposes of this study, it firstly attempts to describe and analyze the remedy provisions of Directive in a comparative way in order to provide legal advice to the sellers who plans to enter into English consumer markets. It shows that the two tier remedial system under Directive is not much different from the other jurisdictions, except where the right of rescission under Directive is absolute in a sense that it does not require a certain degree of seriousness of defect. Secondly, the study compares the rules of one jurisdiction with those of other jurisdictions and evaluates the rules in light of the discipline of comparative law the basic question of which is whether a solution from one jurisdiction may facilitate the systematic development and reform of another jurisdiction. It proves the followings; (1) the reluctance and uncertainty in English law of ordering specific performance based on the discretionary power does not reflect the parties' preference because the order is either uncertain or rather negative where the purchase of substitute goods elsewhere is not a satisfactory solution in many cases; (2) the position in Korean law which has no limitation on the right to require substitute goods is likely unfair in commercial sales, but justified in consumer sales; (3) the right of termination or reduction under Directive which is subject to the applicability of the right to require repair or substitute goods seems to be contrary to the consumer's preference where the defective delivery destroys the basis of trust in the quality of the seller's performance; (4) the absolute right of termination under Directive and English law seems crucial in consumer sales because they are often inferior to commercial sellers in terms of information and bargaining power; (5) the right of reduction as a self-help remedy which is absent in English law emphasizes its usefulness. Thirdly, it finds that, where CISG is deemed to fail to unify different rules on the right to require specific performance between Civil and Common law, it is attempted once again in Directive and notwithstanding their hostility to awarding the right to require specific performance in English law, Regulations 2002 expressively stipulates such right.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.16 s.16
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• pp.39-51
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• 2004

The standing Buddha named Taehwa 4 yew in the Jincheon were sculptured with rock cliff of the dark grey shale. Front of the Buddha statue shows $N40^{\circ}W$ strike with nearly vertical dip toward the back side. Rock blocks of the Buddha statue well developed with bedding and laminations whereas rock surface distributed into the various irregular discontinuities. Sculptured lines of the Buddha were uncertain because of degradation and exfoliations on the rock surface. The surface near the Buddha statue is highly contaminated with lichen and mosses, and accelerate physical and biological weathering owing to the roots of weed and bush along the fracture systems. For the conservational treatment, we treated with primary wet cleaning by air gun and secondary cleaning treatment using distilled water. Separated rock surface and fractured parts fasten and/or fill up the boundaries of the rock blocks using epoxy resin for conservation of rock properties. Some brittle surface was treatment with water repellent consolidant of ethyl silicates, and heterogeneous surface carried out color matching by acrylic pigments. Upper part of the Buddha statue dig out small ditch for rain water drainage, and near surface of the Buddha statue treat removal works for lichen, weeds and bush. The duration capacity of the Buddha constituting rocks are degraded by various weathering factors, therefore we suggest that this Buddha statue have need to do long term monitoring and synthetic conservation researches.