• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.495-503
• /
• 1999

배경: 본 연구에서 저자 등은 태아양 모델을 이용하여 태아 심폐우회술의 기술적인 측면에서의 가능성을 실험하고 심폐우회술과 관계된 태아의 혈역학과 태반기능에 관한 기초자료를 얻고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 제태기간 120~150일 되는 11마리의 태아양을 이용하여 정중흉골절개하에 주폐동맥과 우심이에 각각 12 G, 14~18 F 크기의 도관을 삽관하여 30분 동안 심폐우회술을 시행하였다. 어미양은 케타민 정주를 이용한 전신마취를 시행하였고 태아양에 대하여는 근육이완제만을 사용하였다. 실험군을 롤러펌프와 인공 막성산화기(Micro-safe, Polystan 회사제, 덴마아크)를 이용한 군(8마리, 산화기군)과 바이오펌프(Bio-pump, Bio-Medicus 회사제, 미국)와 태반을 산화기로 이용한 군(3마리, 태반군)으로 이분하여 혈류, 태아 혈역학 및 태반기능을 관찰하였다. 결과: 태아양의 평균체중은 3.6$\pm$1.3(1.9~5.2) kg이었다. 산화기군에서 심폐기 가동 중에는 평균동맥압 69.8~82.6 mmHg, 평균동맥혈산소분압치 201.7~220.9 mmHg, 평균심방압 4.1~4.3 mmHg, 평균심박동수 169~182 /min, 평균혈류 140.3~164.0 ml/kg/min로 유지되었으나 체외순환을 정지하는 순간부터 급격한 심기능 및 가스소견의 악화가 관찰되어 평균동맥압 29.0~57.4 mmHg, 평균동맥혈이산화탄소분압치 61.9~77.1 mmHg 등이었다. 태반군에서는 심폐우회 시작 직후 평균 44.7 mmHg에서 14.4 mmHg로 급격한 혈압 강하가 관찰되었고 이때 혈류는 평균 74.3~97.0 ml/kg/min 였다. 가스소견 역시 평균동맥혈이산화탄소분압치와 pH가 각각 평균 61.9~129.6 mmHg, 6.7~6.8이었으며 체외순환 정지후에는 심실세동으로 혈역학 측정이 불가능하였다. 결론: 연구자 등은 본 연구를 통하여, 비록 태아의 장기생존을 위한 태아 혈역학의 유지 및 태반혈류의 확보에는 어려움을 겪었으나 양모델을 이용한 실험적 태아 심폐우회술을 시도하여 태아 심장수술의 기술적인 측면에서의 가능성을 확인하였다. 향후 프로스타글란딘 억제제의 추가, 태아에 전척추마취의 적용, 펌프의 개선 및 순환회로의 축소화 등의 수정된 태아 체외순환에 관한 연구가 계속되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.36-48
• /
• 2010

목 적 : 항암 화학 요법을 받는 소아 혈액 종양 환아들에서의 균혈증은 예후에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있어 이에 대한 신속한 경험적인 항생제 치료는 매우 중요하다. 이러한 경험적 치료의 근거를 마련하기 위하여 소아 혈액 종양 환아들의 균혈증의 임상 양상, 검사 소견, 위험 인자, 원인균의 분포 및 임상경과에 대한 최근 경향에 대한 정보를 파악하고자 하였다. 방 법: 2005년 7월부터 2008년 6월까지 한양대학교병원 소아청소년과 혈액 종양 분과에서 치료받은 환아들에게서 발생한 총 212 발열례의 의무 기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 이들을 균혈증이 발생한 군과 균혈증이 발생하지 않은 군으로 나눠서 호중구 감소증 여부 및 정도, 이식 여부 및 종류, 중심 정맥관 유무 및 종류 등을 비교하였고, 원인균의 종류, 항생제 감수성 및 임상경과를 조사하였다. 결 과: 3년 동안 총 63명의 소아 혈액 종양 분과 환아에서 212 발열례가 발생하였으며, 40례(18.9%)에서 균혈증이 발생하였다. 발열례 중 호중구 감소증이 동반된 경우는 157례였고 37례(23.6%)의 균혈증이 발생하였다. 동정된 총 균주는 45균주로 그람 양성균 23균주(51.1%), 그람 음성균 20균주(44.4%), 진균 2균주(4.4%)였다. 그람 양성균 중 가장 흔하게 분리된 균주는 Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (46.7%)였으며, 그람 음성균 중에는Acinetobacter species (15.6%)가 가장 분리율이 높았다. 호중구 감소증이 있는 환자들에 게서 호중구 감소증이 없는 환자들보다 균혈증이 유의하게 많이 발생하였다(P =0.002). 13례의 균혈증은 이식을 시행받은 환자들에게 발생하였으며, 호중구 감소증을 보인 환자 중에서 이식환자가 이식을 받지 않은 환자보다 균혈증이 많이 발생하였다(P =0.008). 제대혈이식을 시행받은 군에서 기타 다른 형태의 이식을 받은 군에 비해 균혈증의 발생률이 유의하게 많았다(P =0.001). 균혈증 환자들의 사망률은 균에 따른 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 하지만 다제내성균의 경우에는 사망률이 상대적으로 높은 경향을 보였지만 이는 통계적 유의성은 없었다. (P =0.335). 중심 정맥관을 지닌 환자에서 발열이 발생한 경우 Chemoport를 지닌 환자에서 Hickman 도관을 지닌 환자에서보다 균혈증의 발생이 많았으며(P =0.029), Chemoport를지닌군에서 그람 양성균이, Hickman 도관을 지닌 군에서는 그람 음성군이 유의하게 많은 비율로 배양되었다(P =0.001). 항생제 감수성 검사에서 그람양성균은 모두 penicillin과 oxacillin에 내성을 보였고, vancomycin과 teicoplanin에는 모두 감수성을나타내었다. 그람 음성균에서는 amikacin, gentamicin, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam에 대한 내성률이 각각 45.0%, 30.0%, 20.0% 및 20.0%였다. 결 론 : 본 연구는 소아 혈액 종양 환자들에서 발열례의 균혈증의 빈도 및 감염원의 분포와 호중구 감소, 이식, 및 중심 정맥관의 종류가 균혈증 발생에 미치는 영향과, 동정된 원인균의 항생제 내성률을 밝혔으며 이러한 자료는 향후 발열을 동반한 호중구 감소증을 가지는 환자에서 적절한 경험적 항생제 선택에 고려되어야 할 것이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제50권4호
• /
• pp.340-347
• /
• 2007

목 적 : 현행 중 고등학교 교과서 중 '기술가정', '가정과학' 교과서에 소아의 건강 관리 및 육아에 관한 내용이 수록되어 있어, 이 들 교과서의 내용이 의학적으로 적절한지를 살펴보고 만약 부정확하거나 틀린 내용 혹은 근거가 없는 내용이 수록되어 있다면 이를 시정하여 잘못된 정보가 전달되지 않도록 하기 위하여 검정교과서를 검토해 보았다. 방 법 : 2007년 발행된 중 고등학교 교과서 중 '기술가정', '가정과학' 교과서 47편을 대상으로 하였고, 각 교과서에서 소아의 건강 관리 및 육아에 관련된 내용이 차지하는 비중과 부적절한 내용을 찾아 정의가 잘못된 경우, 정보 자체가 틀린 경우, 부연 설명이 부족한 경우 등으로 나누었으며, 각 교과서의 저자들의 전공분야도 함께 분석해 보았다. 결 과 : 중학교 '기술가정'에서는 청소년기의 정신 및 신체적 변화와 영양에 대해 다루고 있었고, 고등학교 '기술가정', '가정과학'의 경우, 결혼 및 육아에 대해 다루고 있었다. 각각이 차지하는 비중은 중학교 '기술가정'이 평균 27.5%, 고등학교 '기술가정' 및 '가정과학'이 평균 11.7%였다. 내용에 있어서는 정의가 잘못된 경우로는 신생아 및 영아기의 연령 구분이 가장 많았고, 내용 자체가 틀렸거나 부정확한 경우는 주로, 숫구멍, 원시반사, 모유 및 이유식 등에 관한 내용들이었으며, 이 밖에도 배꼽소독 및 영유아의 발달 단계 등에 관해 부적절한 정보를 전달하고 있었다. 예방 접종표는 개정판이 아닌 1997년판을 사용하고 있었다. 부연설명이 부족했던 경우로는 태아기의 설명이나 증상만으로 의심해 볼 질병에 대한 기술이 너무 비약적이어서 혼란을 야기할 가능성이 많았다. 모유수유나 이유식에 대해서도 기술이 불충분하거나 적절하지 못하여 잘못된 인식을 가지기 쉬운 부분이 많았다. 이들 중학교와 고등학교 교과서 저자들의 전공을 살펴보면 가정 계열이 각각 75.7%, 74.1%로 가장 많았으며, 그 다음으로 현직 교사 및 장학사가 각각 24.3%, 25.9%를 나타내었고, 집필 과정에서 관련 의학 전문 학술단체나 전문가의 검토를 거친 근거는 없었다. 결 론 : 교과서 내에 소아의 건강 관리 및 육아에 관한 내용을 기술할 때 '대한소아과학회'와 같은 전문 학술단체의 감수를 거쳐 정확한 의학 정보를 제공함으로써 중 고등학교 학생들이 실생활에 적용하는데 있어 혼란이 초래되지 않도록 교과서 집필 과정을 시급히 개선하여야 한다.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.33-43
• /
• 2005

목적 : X 염색체 연관 부신백질이영양증은 과산화소체의 지방산 대사 장애로 인하여 포화 장쇄 지방산이 신경계의 수초와 부신 피질에 축적되어 여러 가지 신경학적 증상과 부신 기능 저하를 나타내는 드문 유전 질환이다. 증상의 발현 시기와 임상 경과에 따라 소아 대뇌형, 성인부신척수신경병형 등 여러 가지 형태로 나누어 지며 예후도 달라진다. 대상 및 방법 : 1996년 1월부터 2003년 6월까지 광주기독병원 소아과와 전남대병원 소아과에서 부신백질이영양증으로 진단받은 6명과 타병원에서 진단받고 골수 이식을 위해 내원한 7명, 총 13명의 남아들을 최소 1년 이상 추적 관찰하여 임상 경과를 분석하였다. 결과 : 1. 첫 신경학적 증상은 행동 장애, 청력 저하, 보행 장애, 시력 저하 및 사시 순이었고, 10명에서 ALD 가족력이 있었다. 2. 신경학적 증상의 발현시기, 증상의 진행 정도에 따라 분류하였을 때, 소아 대뇌형이 10명, 청소년 대뇌형이 2명, 신경학적 증상과 MRI 병변은 없이 부신 기능의 저하만 있는 "Addison-only"가 1명이었다. 1) 소아 대뇌형의 경우 8명이 사망하였는데 첫 증상 발현 시기는 평균 7.02세, 자연 경과로 첫 증상으로부터 식물 인간 상태에 이르는 기간은 1.35년, 사망에 이르는 기간은 3.35년으로 빠르게 진행하였다. Lorenzo oil을 투여하였던 2명에서 증상은 진행하였고, 제대혈 이식을 시행했던 2례는 질환의 진행과 이식편 대 숙주반응에 의해 사망하였다. 2) 청소년 대뇌형의 첫 증상 발현시기는 11.5세로, 2명 모두 현재 19세, 26세로 생존해 있으나, 1례는 식물 인간 상태이다. 3) "Addison only" 1례는 Lorenzo oil과 steroid를 투여하면서 3년째 증상 없이 지내고 있다. 3. 뇌 MRI에서 양측 두정엽과 후두엽의 백질을 침범한 형태가 대부분(11명)이었고, 청소년대뇌형 1명에서만 내포, 대뇌각과 뇌교를 침범하였다. 4. 진단 당시 부신 기능 저하가 67%에서 있었으며, ACTH만 상승된 형태였다. 결론 : 소아기에 발현한 부신백질이영양증의 경우, 두정엽과 후두엽 백질을 침범한 소아 대뇌형이 대부분이었고, 첫 증상 이후 빠르게 진행하여 사망에 이르는 치명적인 경과를 보였다. 따라서 가족력이 있는 경우, 많은 구성원에서 장쇄지방산 검사를 시행하여 조기에 무증상 환자를 진단하고 적극적으로 대처하는 것이 중요하리라 생각된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.721-732
• /
• 1996

생활수준과 교육수준이 매우 낮은 저개발국가에서의 임신분만 환경을 알아보고 건강관련 행위 실천(산전진찰, 시설분만, 제대기구소독)과 지식과 태도와의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 네팔 돌카 마을에서 지난 1년간(1994년 4월 13일$\sim$1995년 4월 12일)출산한 경험이 있는 산모를 대상으로 일반적 특성, 임신과 분만에 관련된 지식, 태도, 산전진찰률, 분만환경 등을 조사하였다. 이 지역의 임신과 분만에 관련된 지식수준은 낮은 편으로 대상자의 87.5%가 보건교육을 받은 경험이 없었다. 대상자의 29.6%는 임신시 흡연이 태아에 해가 없다고 하였으며, 42.8%는 임신시 음주와 약의 복용이 태아에 해가 없다고 답하였고, 17.1%가 제대절단시 소독하지 않은 기구를 사용해도 유해하지 않다고 응답하였는데, 교육을 받은 적이 없는 경우, 보건교육을 받은 경험이 없는 경우, 그리고 보건기관까지의 거리가 멀 수록 올바르지 못한 지식을 가지고 있었다. 응답자의 56.6%가 산전진찰이 필요없다는 태도를 보였고, 42.8%가 질출혈시 병원을 방문할 필요가 없다는 태도를 보였는데, 교육을 받은 적이 없는 경우, 보건 교육을 받은 경험이 없는 경우, 그리고 보건기관까지의 거리가 멀수록 바람직하지 못한 태도를 가지고 있었다. 또한 82.9%가 분만과정 자체가 불결한 것이라고 여기고 있었다. 한번이라도 산전진찰을 받은 경험이 있는 산전진찰 경험률은 28.3%였는데 교육을 받은 적이 없는 경우, 보건교육을 받은 경험이 없는 경우에 산전진찰 미경험률이 높았다. 시설분만율은 5.3%로 매우 저조하였고, 시설 외 분만인 경우 82.6%가 제대절단기구를 소독하지 않고 사용하고 있었는데 교육을 받은 적이 없는 경우, 보건교육을 받은 경험이 없는 경우, 그리고 보건기관까지의 거리가 멀수록 소독을 하지 않고 사용하고 있었다. 지식과 태도와의 관계에 있어서는 지식이 많은 군이 산전진찰의 필요성을 더 느끼며 질출혈시 병원방문의 필요성을 더 느끼고 있어, 임신과 분만에 관련하여 더 바람직한 태도를 가지고 있었다. 태도와 실천과의 관계에 있어서는 바람직한 태도를 가진 산모군이 산전진찰 경험률이 높았으며, 시설분만이 많아 실천율이 높았다. 다변량 분석에서도 지식이 태도에 양(陽)의 영향을 미치는 변수였으며, 태도는 실천에 영향을 미치는 유의한 양(陽)의 변수여서 실천을 위해서는 긍정적인 태도가 선행되어야 하고, 그러기 위하여는 먼저 올바른 지식을 가지고 있어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 연구결과로 볼 때, 저개발국가에서의 분만환경은 매우 열악한 편으로 모자의 건강수준 향상을 위해서는 예방적 기능으로서 보건교육 활동이 더욱 중요 성을 가지게 된다. 효율적 보건교육활동을 위해서는 보건교육을 보다 긴요하게 요하는 인구군이 어떤 계층이냐 하는 대상파악에 특별히 유념하여야 하는데 주로 교육수준이 낮고 생활이 어려운 인구층, 그리고 보건기관으로부터 멀리 떨어져 있는 사람들에게 중점적으로 교육을 시도하여야 하겠는데 이들 나라는 대부분의 국민이 교육수준이 낮고 생활수준이 낮은 편으로 보건교육시 단순한 지식의 전달에 그칠 것이 아니라 동기 유발을 가져와 행위변화를 할 수 있도록 보다 세밀한 연구노력이 필요하다. 또한 순회진료와 보건교육을 하는 의료캠프가 활성화되어야 하겠다. 향후 저개발국에 의료단을 파견하여 그 지 역의 보건문제 해결에 도움을 주기 위하여는 이와 같은 연구가 계속 진행되어 실천에 영향을 주는 요인들을 밝혀 지역보건의료 프로그램에 적극 활용해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제54권4호
• /
• pp.192-211
• /
• 2021

세종의 대군·군과 세손을 포함하여 총 19기 태실이 모여 있는 성주 세종대왕자 태실은 여러 태실이 한 공간에 조성된 유일한 사례이자, 태를 봉안·보호하는 장태용 그릇의 구성과 조형 역시 다른 곳과 구별되어 주목받아왔다. 본 글은 성주 태실에서 출토된 장태용 그릇 중 하나인 <분청사기 상감연판문 반구형뚜껑>에 집중하여 제작의 특징을 구명하고 제작지 고찰에 초점을 맞추었다. 연구 대상은 태주가 확인된 6점에 한정하였다. 성주 태실은 세종 연간 왕실의 장태와 태실 조성에 관한 다양한 논의와 행사가 가장 성행한 1436~1439년에 계획되고 세워졌을 것이다. 태를 담은 항아리를 덮어 보호하는 목적으로 태와 함께 장태 된 이 분청사기 뚜껑은 장태에 필요한 여러 잡물 가운데 중앙 관청에 분정된 잡물의 용도와 일치하며, 장흥고에서 장태 행렬 이전에 마련하여 조달한 품목으로 유추된다. 뚜껑의 크기·형태·장식 등의 조형적 특징은 15~16세기 왕실용 태항아리 뚜껑과 공통되는 부분이 있고, 『세종실록』 「오례」에 수록된 길례용 제기 및 가례용·빈례용 준작 기물과 친연성이 높다는 점을 확인하였다. 뚜껑의 꼭지를 에워싸고 있는 태토빚음의 번조받침 흔적은 15세기 후반~16세기 전반 왕실용 태항아리 뚜껑에 남아 있는 흔적과 상통한다. 덧붙여 번조받침 흔적의 형태와 위치를 통해 이 분청사기 뚜껑은 꼭지를 아래로 향하게 한 후 받침 도구와 갑발 등을 이용하여 번조하였을 가능성이 있다. 이상의 분석과 『세종실록』 「지리지」에 등재된 자기소 내용, 15세기 전반 자기의 진헌·공납 관련 기록, 현재까지 조사된 분청사기 가마터 출토 유물 등의 정보를 종합적으로 검토하였을 때 이 분청사기 뚜껑을 제작한 곳은 현 광주광역시 북구 충효동 분청사기 가마터가 가장 유력할 것으로 사료된다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제43권3호
• /
• pp.208-241
• /
• 2010

본 고는 조선시대 왕실의 태실에 유존하는 태실 석함(이하 태함)의 현황을 살펴보고, 제작연대를 바탕으로 형식을 분류하여 고고학적인 태함의 양식을 설정하고 그 편년을 시도한 것이다. 태함은 태실을 처음 조성할 때 매납하는 유물이지만 명문이 각자되지 않으므로 태함 자체만으로 연구하기에는 큰 어려움이 따른다. 하지만 태실 조성 시 함께 제작하는 태지석과 아기비의 명문을 찾아 살펴보고 문헌기록을 대조하여 그 제작시기를 밝힘으로 인해 태함의 제작시기도 밝혀 낼 수 있다. 먼저, 편년의 결정적 요소는 태함을 구성하는 함개와 함신 모두임을 알 수 있었으며, 또한 태함의 변화와 양식은 크게 4단계로 구분할 수 있었다. 조선 왕실의 태함의 변화는 조선 초기에는 고려시대의 양식을 이어받아 상자형으로 만들었으나, 15세기 중 후엽에 과도기를 거쳐 15세기 후엽에 반원형 함개 원통형 함신이 정착하게 된다. 그리고 16세기 후엽에는 앞 시기의 양식에서 발전하여 태함에 돌기가 부착되는 등 장식성이 가미되나, 이는 예술성보다는 기능성에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 반원형 함개 원통형 함신이 다시 17세기 초에 재현되며, 17세기 중엽 후부터는 함개에만 돌기가 있거나 무보주의 원추형 함개 또는 절구형의 함신 등 다양하게 나타나는 과도기의 현상이 발생한다. 그러나 다시 보주가 부착된 원추형 함개라는 새로운 양식이 18세기 전엽~18세기 중엽 초에 출현하며, 이것이 다음 시기인 18세기 중엽까지 지속되나, 함신의 감실이 일단벽호형의 방형으로 바뀐다. 계속해서 18세기 중엽에는 함개는 앞 시기의 양식을 유지하나 함신은 감실이 다시 한 면이 ㄷ모양의 열쇠구멍형으로 변화한다. 하지만, 18세기 말에 와서 다시 가장 전형적인 양식인 반원형 함개 원통형 함신의 태함이 재출현하여 태함의 양식이 이 형태가 가장 정형성이 있음을 보여준다. 마지막으로 19세기 중엽에는 함개가 반원형에서 상부가 편평한 장방형의 새로운 양식이 출현하여 쇠퇴기를 맞는다. 그리고 이를 다시 양식상 크게 4단계로 구분할 수 있는데, 조선 초에는 태함이 아직 정형화되지 않아 고려시대의 양식을 이어받았으나(I단계; 1401~15C 중엽), 15세기 후엽부터는 자체적인 발전을 거듭하여 정형화되고(II단계; 1477~1641), 시기가 지나면서 다시 일부 돌기나 보주가 부착되는 등 장식성이 가미되나(III단계; 1660~1754), 결국 18세기 말에는 정형화된 양식이 재출현하다가 조선 말기인 19세기 중엽에는 간략화되어 쇠퇴과정을 겪게 되는 것(IV단계; 1790~1874)을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 이러한 태함의 양식과 편년 결과는 문헌기록이 부족한 상태에서 앞으로 태실지에서 태함만 확인되더라도 그 조성시기와 주인공이 누구인지 밝혀내는 데 많은 도움이 되리라 생각된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.29-94
• /
• 1974

Today most developed countries provide modern medical care for most of the population. The rural area is the more neglected area in the medical and health field. In public health, the philosophy is that medical care for in maintenance of health is a basic right of man; it should not be discriminated against racial, environmental or financial situations. The deficiency of the medical care system, cultural bias, economic development, and ignorance of the residents about health care brought about the shortage of medical personnel and facilities on the rural areas. Moreover, medical students and physicians have been taught less about rural health care than about urban health care. Medical care, therefore, is insufficient in terms of health care personnel/and facilities in rural areas. Under such a situation, there is growing concern about the health problems among the rural population. The findings presented in this report are useful measures of the major health problems and even more important, as a guide to planning for improved medical care systems. It is hoped that findings from this study will be useful to those responsible for improving the delivery of health service for the rural population. Objectives: -to determine the health status of the residents in the rural areas. -to assess the rural population's needs in terms of health and medical care. -to make recommendations concerning improvement in the delivery of health and medical care for the rural population. Procedures: For the sampling design, the ideal would be to sample according to the proportion of the composition age-groups. As the health problems would be different by group, the sample was divided into 10 different age-groups. If the sample were allocated by proportion of composition of each age group, some age groups would be too small to estimate the health problem. The sample size of each age-group population was 100 people/age-groups. Personal interviews were conducted by specially trained medical students. The interviews dealt at length with current health status, medical care problems, utilization of medical services, medical cost paid for medical care and attitudes toward health. In addition, more information was gained from the public health field, including environmental sanitation, maternal and child health, family planning, tuberculosis control, and dental health. The sample Sample size was one fourth of total population: 1,438 The aged 10-14 years showed the largest number of 254 and the aged under one year was the smallest number of 81. Participation in examination Examination sessions usually were held in the morning every Tuesday, Wenesday, and Thursday for 3 hours at each session at the Namchun Health station. In general, the rate of participation in medical examination was low especially in ages between 10-19 years old. The highest rate of participation among are groups was the under one year age-group by 100 percent. The lowest use rate as low as 3% of those in the age-groups 10-19 years who are attending junior and senior high school in Taegu city so the time was not convenient for them to recieve examinations. Among the over 20 years old group, the rate of participation of female was higher than that of males. The results are as follows: A. Publie health problems Population: The number of pre-school age group who required child health was 724, among them infants numbered 96. Number of eligible women aged 15-44 years was 1,279, and women with husband who need maternal health numbered 700. The age-group of 65 years or older was 201 needed more health care and 65 of them had disabilities. (Table 2). Environmental sanitation: Seventy-nine percent of the residents relied upon well water as a primary source of dringking water. Ninety-three percent of the drinking water supply was rated as unfited quality for drinking. More than 90% of latrines were unhygienic, in structure design and sanitation (Table 15). Maternal and child health: Maternal health Average number of pregnancies of eligible women was 4 times. There was almost no pre- and post-natal care. Pregnancy wastage Still births was 33 per 1,000 live births. Spontaneous abortion was 156 per 1,000 live births. Induced abortion was 137 per 1,000 live births. Delivery condition More than 90 percent of deliveries were conducted at home. Attendants at last delivery were laymen by 76% and delivery without attendants was 14%. The rate of non-sterilized scissors as an instrument used to cut the umbilical cord was as high as 54% and of sickles was 14%. The rate of difficult delivery counted for 3%. Maternal death rate estimates about 35 per 10,000 live births. Child health Consultation rate for child health was almost non existant. In general, vaccination rate of children was low; vaccination rates for children aged 0-5 years with BCG and small pox were 34 and 28 percent respectively. The rate of vaccination with DPT and Polio were 23 and 25% respectively but the rate of the complete three injections were as low as 5 and 3% respectively. The number of dead children was 280 per 1,000 living children. Infants death rate was 45 per 1,000 live births (Table 16), Family planning: Approval rate of married women for family planning was as high as 86%. The rate of experiences of contraception in the past was 51%. The current rate of contraception was 37%. Willingness to use contraception in the future was as high as 86% (Table 17). Tuberculosis control: Number of registration patients at the health center currently was 25. The number indicates one eighth of estimate number of tuberculosis in the area. Number of discharged cases in the past accounted for 79 which showed 50% of active cases when discharged time. Rate of complete treatment among reasons of discharge in the past as low as 28%. There needs to be a follow up observation of the discharged cases (Table 18). Dental problems: More than 50% of the total population have at least one or more dental problems. (Table 19) B. Medical care problems Incidence rate: 1. In one month Incidence rate of medical care problems during one month was 19.6 percent. Among these health problems which required rest at home were 11.8 percent. The estimated number of patients in the total population is 1,206. The health problems reported most frequently in interviews during one month are: GI trouble, respiratory disease, neuralgia, skin disease, and communicable disease-in that order, The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the 1-4 age group and in the 60 years or over age group, the lowest rate was the 10-14 year age group. In general, 0-29 year age group except the 1-4 year age group was low incidence rate. After 30 years old the rate of health problems increases gradually with aging. Eighty-three percent of health problems that occured during one month were solved by primary medical care procedures. Seventeen percent of health problems needed secondary care. Days rested at home because of illness during one month were 0.7 days per interviewee and 8days per patient and it accounts for 2,161 days for the total productive population in the area. (Table 20) 2. In a year The incidence rate of medical care problems during a year was 74.8%, among them health problems which required rest at home was 37 percent. Estimated number of patients in the total population during a year was 4,600. The health problems that occured most frequently among the interviewees during a year were: Cold (30%), GI trouble (18), respiratory disease (11), anemia (10), diarrhea (10), neuralgia (10), parasite disease (9), ENT (7), skin (7), headache (7), trauma (4), communicable disease (3), and circulatory disease (3) -in that order. The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the infants group, thereafter the rate decreased gradually until the age 15-19 year age group which showed the lowest, and then the rate increased gradually with aging. Eighty-seven percent of health problems during a year were solved by primary medical care. Thirteen percent of them needed secondary medical care procedures. Days rested at home because of illness during a year were 16 days per interviewee and 44 days per patient and it accounted for 57,335 days lost among productive age group in the area (Table 21). Among those given medical examination, the conditions observed most frequently were respiratory disease, GI trouble, parasite disease, neuralgia, skin disease, trauma, tuberculosis, anemia, chronic obstructive lung disease, eye disorders-in that order (Table 22). The main health problems required secondary medical care are as fellows: (previous page). Utilization of medical care (treatment) The rate of treatment by various medical facilities for all health problems during one month was 73 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 52% while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was 61 percent (Table 23). The rate of receiving of medical care for all health problems during a year was 67 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 82 percent while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was as low as 53 percent (Table 24). Types of medical facilitied used were as follows: Hospital and clinics: 32-35% Herb clinics: 9-10% Drugstore: 53-58% Hospitalization Rate of hospitalization was 1.7% and the estimate number of hospitalizations among the total population during a year will be 107 persons (Table 25). Medical cost: Average medical cost per person during one month and a year were 171 and 2,800 won respectively. Average medical cost per patient during one month and a year were 1,109 and 3,740 won respectively. Average cost per household during a year was 15,800 won (Table 26, 27). Solution measures for health and medical care problems in rural area: A. Health problems which could be solved by paramedical workers such as nurses, midwives and aid nurses etc. are as follows: 1. Improvement of environmental sanitation 2. MCH except medical care problems 3. Family planning except surgical intervention 4. Tuberculosis control except diagnosis and prescription 5. Dental care except operational intervention 6. Health education for residents for improvement of utilization of medical facilities and early diagnosis etc. B. Medical care problems 1. Eighty-five percent of health problems could be solved by primary care procedures by general practitioners. 2. Fifteen percent of health problems need secondary medical procedures by a specialist. C. Medical cost Concidering the economic situation in rural area the amount of 2,062 won per residents during a year will be burdensome, so financial assistance is needed gorvernment to solve health and medical care problems for rural people.